baxyS.M
ds ,d “kgj esa tkWtZ FkkWel uked ,d iknjh
jgrs FksA xqM Qzk;Ms dh lqcg fxjtk?kj dh osnh ij mUgksaus ,d tax yxk
i{kh dk fitjk j[kk] lHkh vk”p;Z ls mldks ns[k jgs Fks rc mUgksaus cksyuk
izkjaHk fd;kA mUgksussa dgk dy esSa tc “kgj ds ,d Hkkx ls xqtj jgk Fkk rc
eq>s ,d yMdk tks rhu fpfM+;k csgn Mjh gqbZ Fkh mudks bl fiatjs esa ysdj tkrs
gq, feykA eSus mls jksddj iwNk& csaVs bud k D;k djksxs \ yM+ds us tokc fn;k
?kj ys tkdj mu ls [ksywxka] muds ,d ,d ia[k [khp dj etk yawxkA eSus dgk ij
FksM+h nsj esa rqe bu ls Fkd tkvksaxs rc D;k djksxs] rks yM+ds us tokc fn;k
eswjs ikl fcYyh gS vkSj mls fpfM+;k cgqr ilan gS] Esus mlls iwNk bu fpfM+;ks dk
fdruk yksxs yMds us eq> ls iwNk ;s rks taxyh fpfM+;k gSA vki budk D;k djksxs
\ eSus fQj mlls iwNk fdruk yksxs \ mlus tckc fn;k 10 MkWyjA eSaus mls iSals
nsdj fiatjk ys fy;k vkSj mls mM+k fn;kA
bl ?kVuk dks crkus ds ckn iknjh us ,d
dgkuhk lqukbZ & ,d fnu ;s”kq ls “kSrku ckr dj jgk FkkA klog vHkh & vHkh
vnu ckx ls ykSaVk Fkk vkSj Mhax ekj jgk Fkk fd mlus cgqr lkjs yksxks dks
izyksHku fn;k vkSj lkjs mlds tky esa Qal x,A ;s”kq us iwNk rqe mudk D;k djksxsA
“kSrku us tckc fn;k eSa muls ets d:Wxk] mUgsa igys “kknh esa ckW/kwxk fQj muls
rykd fnyokÅxk mUgsa
,d nwljs ls uQjr djuk fl[kkmxk vkSj ,d nwljs dks ekj Mkyuk fl[kkmxkA ;s”kq us
iwNk budks eSa viukuk pkgrk gwWA “kSrku u mRrj fn;k mudk D;k djksaxs ;s yksx
vPNs ugha A bl izdkj ds yksxksa dks vki D;ksa viukuk pkgrs gks \ ;s vkils
?k`.kk djsaxs] ;s vki ij Fkwdsaxs] ;s vki dks dkslsaxs vkSj ekj MkysxsA ;s”kq
us fQj iwNk fdruk yksxsA “kSrku us mRrj fn;k vki iwjk [kwu vkids vkWlw vkSj
vkidk thouA ;as”kq us mRrj fn;k Bhd gSaA vkSj mUgksaus nke pqdk fn;kA izHkq
bZlk elhg ds tUe ds lkS lky igys vkus okys eqfDrnkrk ds ckjs esa fy[kk Fkk&
^^izHkq us esjs dku [kksy fn, gSa% eSaus u rks mldk fojks/k fd;k vkSj u ihNs
gVkA eSaus ekjus okyksa ds lkeus viuh ihB dj nh vkSj nk<+h ukspus okyksa ds
lkeus viuk xkyA eSaus vieku djus vkSj
Fkwdus okyksa ls viuk eq[k ugh fNik;k A izHkq esjh lgk;rk djrk gS% blfy, eSa
vieku ls fopfyr ugha gqvkA eSaus iRFkj dh rjg viuk eq[k ughaq fNik;kA izHkq
esjh lgk;rk djrk gS% blfy, esa vieku ls fopfyr ugha gqvkAq eSus iRFkj dh rjg
viuk eqag dM+k dj fy;kk A eSa tkurk gwa fd vUr esa eq>s fujk”k ugha gksuk
iM+sxkA ** ¼;”kk;kg 50%5&7½
ijUrq og gekjs gh jksxksa dks vius mij ysrk
Fkk vkSj gekjs nq[kksa ls ynk gqvk Fkk vkSjk ge mls nf.Mr] bZ”oj dk ekjk gqvk
vkSj frjld`r le>rs FksA gekjs ikiksa ds dkj.k og Nsfnr fd;k x;k gSaA gekjs
dqdeksZ ds dkj.k og dqpy fn;k x;k gSaA tks n.M og Hkksxrk Fkk] mlds )kjk gesa
“kkafr feyh gSa vkSj mlds ?kkoksa )kjk ge Hkys paxs gks x, gSaA gel c
viuk&viuk jkLrk idM+ dj HksM+ksa dh rjg HkVd jgs FksA mlh ij izHkq us ge
lcksa ds ikiksa dk Hkkj Mkyk gSA og vius ij fd;k gqvk vR;kpkj /kS;Z ls lgrk x;k
vkSj pqi jgkA¼;”kk;kg 53%4&7½ elhg us vki yksxksa ds fy, nq[k Hkksxk vkSj
vki dks mnkgj.k fn;k ftlls vki mudk vuqlj.k djsaA mugksaus dksbZ iki ugha fd;k
vkSj muds eq[k ls dHkh Ny diV dh ckr ugha fudyhA tc mUgsa xkyh nh x;h] rks
mUgksaus mRrj esa xkyh ugha nh vkSj tc mUgsa lrk;k x;k] rks mUgksaus /kedh ugha
nhA mUgksaus vius dks ml ij NksM+ fn;k] tks U;k;iwoZd fopkj djrk gSA og vius
“kjhj esa gekjs ikiksa dks dzwl ds dkB ij ys x,] ftlls ge iki ds fy, e`r gks dj
/kfeZdrk ds fy, thus yxsaA vki muds ?kkoksa )kjk Hkys paxs gks x, gSaA vki yksx
HksM+ksa dh rjg HkVd x, Fks] fdUrq vc vki viuh vkRekvksa ds pjokgs rFkk j{kd ds
ikl ykSV vk, gSaA ¼iRrjl 2%21&24½ tc rd izHkq fey ldrk gS] rc rd mlds ikl
pyh tkA tc rd og fudV gS] rc rd mldh nqgkbZ nsrh jgA ikih viuk ekxZ NksM+ ns
vkSj nqLV vius cqjs fopkj R;kx ns A og izHkq ds ikl ykSV vk, vkSj og ml ij n;k
djsxk% D;ksafd gekjk bZ”oj n;klkxj gSaA¼;”kk;kg 55%6&7½
dbZ lky
igys ,d cgqr cM+h twrk dEiuh us vius nks lsYleSau dks phu Hkstk] ;g ns[kus ds fy;s fd ogkW twrs dk O;olk; gksxk
;k ughaA ,d eghuk yxkrkj fujh{k.k] voyksdu ,oa ewY;kadu djus ds ckn igys
lsYlesu us dEiuh dks Vsyhxkze Hkstk dh
;gk¡ ij dksbZ twrk ugha igurk vkSj twrk cspus dk dksbZ volj ugha gSA nwljs
lsYleSau us Vsyhxzke Hkstk dh bl “kgj esa fdlh ds ikl twrk ughaa gSa vkSj twrk
cspus dk cM+k volj gSA utfj;k ;k n`f’Vdks.k gedks] gekjs ftUnxh dks cukrk gSa
vkSj fQj fcxkM+rk Hkh gSA vk/kk fxykl ikuh dks ns[kdj ge dg ldrs gS fd ;g fxykl
vk/kk [kkyh gS ;k blesa vk/kk fxykl ikuh gSaA dke;kch gkfly djus ds fy;s lcls
“kfDr”kkyh lk/ku gS utfj;ka ge gj le; leL;k ;k lek/kku dk vax cus jgrs gSaA
gesa leL;k dks ugha lek/kku dks <wW<+uk gS] udkjkRed dks ugha ldkjkRed
:[k dks viukuk gSA v/kdre le; gekjh ÅTkkZ] gekjk le; blfy;s [kks cSaBrs gSa D;ksafd ge udkjkRed
fopkjksa dks viukrs gSaA blfy;s gedksa vius fopkjksa dks ldkjkRed cukuk gSaA
gekjs fopkj lq[kn gksaxs rks ge lq[kh gksxsaA nq[kn gksxsa rks nq[kh gksaxsA
vxj gekjs fopkj chekj gksaxs rks ge Hkh chekj gh jgsxsaA
dbZ lky igys Msydkjusxh ls ,d jsfM;ksa
dk;Zdze esa ;g loky iwNk x;k--------------- vkius ftUnxh esa lcls egRoiw.kZ lcd
D;k fl[kk\ bldk tokc nsuk vklku FkkA vc rd eSaus lcls cM+k lcd ;g lh[kk gSfd
tks ge lksprs gS] og csgn geRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA vxj eSa ;g tku tkÅa fd vki D;k
lksprs gS rks eSa ;g Hkh tku tkÅaxk fd vki D;k gSA gekjs fopkjksa ds dkj.k gh
ge oSls curs gSa] tSls ge gSa gekjk ekufld utfj;k g hog vKkr “kfDr gSa tks
gekjh fdLer cukrh ;k fcxkM+rh gSaA euq’; ogh gksrk gSa tks fnu Hkj lksprk jgrk
gSA blls fHkUu og gks Hkh dSls ldrk gSA
vkidh vkSj esjh lcls cM+h leL;k gSa &
lgh fopkj pquukA vxj ge ,slk dj ldsa rks ge vkuh lHkh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus
dh jkg ij vkxs fudy ldrs gSa jkseu lkezkT; ij “kklu djus okys egku nk”kZfud ekdZl vkjsfy;l us vkB
“kCnksa esa bldks le>k;k Fkk] vkB “kCn tks vkidh fdLer cuk ldrs
gS&^gekjs fopkjksa ls gh gekjh ftanxh curh gSa*A
gk¡ vxj gekjs fopkj lq[kn gksaxs rks ge
lq[kh gksaxsA vxj gekjs fopkj lq[kn gksaxs rks ge lq[kh gksaxsA vxj gekjs fopkj
nq[kn gksaxs rks nq[kh gksaxsA vxj gekjs fnekx esa Mj ds fopkj gksaaxs] rks ge
Mjs jgsaxsaA vxj gekjs fopkj chekj gksaxs] rks ge “kk;n chekj gh jgsaxsaA vxj
ge vlQyrk ds ckjs esa lkspsaxs] rks ge fuf”pr :i ls vlQy gks tk,saxs A vxj ge
vkRe &d:.kk ds egklkxj esa Mwc tk,axs] rks gj vkneh gels drjkuk pkgsxk vkSj
gels cpus dh dksf”k”k djsxkA vki viuss ckjs esa tSlk lksprs gS] vki oSls ugha
gksrsA cfYd vki tks lksprs gS vki ogh gkssrs gSA utfj;k gesa lq[kh ;k nq[kh
cukrk gSA utfj;k¡ gesa lQy ;k vlQy cukrk gSA They
can, because they think, they can os
dj ldrs gS D;ksafd os lkprs gS fd os dj ldrs gSaSA
,d bZ”k
HkDr us bZ”oj ls feyus ds fy, lcdks vkSj lc dqN NksM+dj igkM+ ds ,dkar esa]
ÅWpkbZ esa ?kaVks rd izkFkZuk dhA dqN tckc u feyus ds dkj.k grk”k vkSj fujk”k
gksdj bl bZ”k HkDr us iqdkjk & gs bZ”oj rqe dgkW gks & FkksM+h nsj ckn
vkokt lqukbZ iM+h & gs ekuo rqe dgkW gks & bZ”oj dh vkokt lqudj vkSj
[kq”k gksdj mlus mRrj fn;k &eSa igkM+ dh ÅWpkbZ esa lcdks vkSj lcdqN
NksM+dj ,dkWr esa vkidks <wW< jgk gWwA ijUrq gs
ijes”oj vki dgkW gksA bZ”oj us tckc fn;k& eSa rks uhps balku ds chp esa
gWwA
fdzlel
dh jkr vuar vukfn bZ”oj vius LoxZ/kke dks NksM+dj viuh efgek vkSj xfjek NksM+dj
gekjs leku gekjs fy, euq’; cu x;kA ckbfcy esa fy[kk gS& ^^vkfn esa “kCn Fkk
“kCn bZ”oj ds lkFk Fkk vkSj “kCn bZ”oj FkkA “kCn euq’; cu x;k vkSj gekjs chp
fuokl fd;kA **
izHkq
bZ”kk elhg lpeqp esa bZ”oj gksus ds ckctwn Hkh vius vkidks okLro esa euq’; cuk
fy;k&ekuotkfr dh eqfDr ds fy,A bZlk uke dk eryc gh eqfDrnkrk gSA iki vkSSj
e`R;q ds ca/kuksa ls eqfDr nsus okykA tc rd ekuo vius vki dks nhughu ugha
cukysrk rc rd og ekuo vkSj ekuork ds fy, dqN ugha dj ldrkA ekuork ds vorkj
izHkq bZlk elhg ls lcls igys ge ;g lh[ksa fd gesa vius LokFkZ] ?keaM] uke
/kulaifRr NksM+dj vius vkidksa nwljksa ds fy, nhughu cuk;saA
ekuork
dk nwljk izek.k ;g gS fd izHkq bZlk elhg lc tkfr;ksa dks izseh firk ijes”oj ds
vlhe izse vkSj vuqdEik n”kkZus ds fy, bl nqfu;k esa ekuo cu x;kA ifo= ckbfcy
esa fy[kk gSS& ^^bZ”oj us lalkj dks bruk I;kj fd;k fd mlus mlds fy, vius
bdykSrs iq= dks vfiZr dj fn;kA ftlls tks ml esa fo”okl djrk gS] mldk loZuk”k
gks] cfYd vuar thou izkIr djsA bZ”oj us vius iq= dks lalkj esa blfy, ugha Hkstk
fd og lalkj dks nks’kh Bgjk;sA mlus mls blfy, Hkstk gS fd lalkj muds )kjk eqfDr
izkIr djsA esjs I;kjs Jksrkvksa] bZ”oj us fdldks bruk I;kj fd;k flQZ bZlkb;ksa
dks] th ugha bZ”oj us lkjs lalkj dks bruk I;kj fd;k bZlkb;ksa dks] fgUnqvksa
dks] eqlyekuksa dks] fl[k /kekZoyaflj dks vkSj laiw.kZ ekuo tkfr dks A gtkjksa lky igys ,d uotoku us
vius f”k{kd ls ;g iz”ku iwNk&bZ”oj dkSulh Hkk’kk cksyrs gS\vaxzsth ] fgUnh]mnwZ]Qsazp
;k vkSj dqNA f”k{kd us dgk &eq>s ugha ekyweA mlus vius xkao ds
cqf)thfo;ksa ls Hkh ;gh iz”u iwNk fd bZ”oj dkSu lh Hkk’kk cksyrs gSa tckc u
ekywe gksus ds dkj.k lcds lc pqipki flj ?kqekdj cSB x,A ftKklk ds dkj.k og
uotoku nwljs xkWao igqWpkA Bgjus ds fy, ljk; esa txg u feyus ds dkj.k og ,d
xkS”kkyk esa Bgjus x;k tgkW ifr&ifRu
vkSj ,d ckyd FksA ml L=h us muls iwNk D;k rqe tkuuk pkgrs gks fd bZ”oj dkSu lh
Hkk’kk cksyrs gSa ] cPps dh vksj b”kkjk djrs gq, mlus dgk fd bZ”oj I;kj dh
Hkk’kk cksyrs gSa rkfd lc jk’Vªks] tkfr ds yksx bl Hkk’kk dks le> ldsaA
bZ”oj usa lalkj dks bruk I;kj fd;k fd og
euq’; cu x;kA I;kj gh bZ”oj dk fua”kku gSA tc ge ,d nwljs dks I;kj djrs gSa]
rHkh bZ”oj tUe ysrs gSaA izse ls c<+dj dksbZ /keZ ugh vkSj lsok ls cM+dj
dksbZ deZ ughaA blfy, mUgksaus dgk ,d nwljs dks I;kj djksA vius cSfj;ksa dks
{kek djksAtks lcls cM+k gS og lcksa dk lsod cusaA dwzl ij ejrs cDr mUgksaus
viuh f”k{kk dk LiLVhdj.k fd;k&^^ gs firk bUgsa ekQ dj fd os ugha tkurs fd
os D;k dj jgs gSaA xq: vkSj Lokeh gksus ds ckotwn Hkh mUgksaus vius psyksa ds
iSj /kksdj lsok vkSj fouezrk dh f”k{kk nhA izHkq bZ”kk elhg ds jkT; esa dksbZ
NksVk dksbZ cM+k ugha] dksbZ ;wukuh];gwnh ugha lc izseh firk dh larku gSA blfy,
mUgksaus iwNk dkSu gSa esjs ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&cfguA os lc tks bZ”oj dk
opu lqurs vkSj mlds vuqlkj pyrs gSaSA
ekuork
dk rhljk izek.k blesa gS fd os nhunqf[k;ksa dh vkokt lqudj muds nq[k&nnZ
feVkrs gSaA vius laiw.kZ thoudky esa mUgksus jksfx;ksa dks paxkbZ iznku dhA
yaxM+s pyus&fQjus yxs] xWwxs cksyus yxs] va/ks ns[kus yxsA tks nqf[kr vkSj
fpafrr Fks mUgsa fnyklk vkSj fgEer izkIr gqbZA mugksaus dgk&Mjksa er eSa
rqEgkjs lkFk gWwA vkdk”k ds iaf{k;ksa dks ns[kksa Qwy vkSj ikS/kksa dks ns[kks
bZ”oj budks laHkkyrs gSa] buls Hkh T;knk rqedksa laHkkysxsaA ckbfcy ds mRifRr
xazFk esa fy;k gS& euq’; dks bZ”oj us vius vuq:i cuk;k flQZ bZlkb;ksa dks
ugha fgUnqvksa dks ugha] eqlyekuksa dks ugha] fl[[kksa dks ugha tSfu;ksa dks
ugha cfYd lHkh dks vius leku cuk;kA ;g ekuo tgkW Hkh ihfM+r gks] tgkW Hkh
nq[k&nnZ esa gks] tgkW Hkh ladV vkSj ladksp esa gks ogkW paxkbZ dk gkFk
c<+kdj muds chp esa izHkq bZlk elhg mifLFkr gSA& paxkbZ vkSj eqfDr nsus
ds fy, A
ekuork ds vorkj izHkq dh lcls izHkko”kkyh f”k{kk
ekuork ds fy,] lalkfu;r ds fy, ;g gsS fd vafre fnu ys[kk ysus ds fy, tc ijes”oj
vk;sxs r cog ;g dgsaxs tc eSa Hkw[kk Fkk I;klk Fkk]uaxk Fkk] chekj Fkk] canhx`g
esa Fkk] rc rqe eq>s feyus vk;s A esjh Hkw[k&I;kl feVk;h esjk lkFk fn;k
vkSj esjh lsok dhA dc vkSj dgk iwNus ij izHkq dgsxs&tks rqeus esjs
NksVs&NksVs Hkkb;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d ds fy, og rqeus esjs fy, fd;k A ;fn
rqeus esjs NksVs ls NksVs Hkkb;ksa ds fy, ugha fd;k] og rqeus esjs fy, Hkh ugha
fd;kA izHkq bZ”kk elhg dgrs gSa fd ge rks Hkw[ks gSa I;kls gSa] canhx`g esa gSa
mudh lsok djsa vkSj muesa bZ”oj dks ns[ksA ekuo]ekuo esa gh bZ”oj dks ns[ksA
bZ”oj
euq’; cudj gj euq’; esa tUe fy;k gSA vr% bZ”oj dks dgha vkSj [kkstus ds cnys
lcdks vius HkkbZ&cguksa esa [kkstuk pkfg,A izHkq bZlk elhg dgrs gSa fd
bZ”oj vkSj vius iM+kslh dks cjkcj I;kj djksA ckbZfcy esa fy[kk gS& ;fn
dksbZ ;g dgrk gS fd eSa bZ”oj dks I;kj djrk gwW vkSj og vius HkkbZ ls cSj djrk
gS rks og >wBk gSA ;fn og vius HkkbZ ftls og ns[krk gKS mls I;kj ugha djrk
rks og bZ”oj dks ftls mlus dHkh ugha ns[kk I;kj ugha dj ldrkA bZ”oj dk fuokl
LFkku igkM+ dh ÅWpkbZ ij ugh leq+) dh xgjkbZ esa ugha cfYd balku ds chp esa gSA
fdzlel dk fo”ks’k lans”k ;gh gSa fd ge /keZ ds uke ij tks nwfj;kW] nq”euh] mWp
&uhp dh Hkkouk gS mls gVkdj] feVkdj vkil esa ekuo /keZ dks vkxs c<+k;saA
ge lcds fy, ,d gh firk ijes”oj gS vkSj gel c mlh firk ijesa”oj ds
iq=&iqf=;kW gSaA /keZ flQZ fopkj esa ugh vkpj.k esa gSA gekjk vkpj.k gh
fdzlel dk rksgQk gSA foKku vkSj rduhd pjelhek esa igqWpus ds ckotwn Hkh balku
I;kj dk Hkw[kk vkSj aI;klk gSA vius gh voxq.kksa dh deh vkSj detksfj;ksa ds
dSnh gSaA lcdqN gksus ds ckotwn Hkh vdsykiu eglwl djrs gSaA thus dh reUuk ughaA
gekjk QtZ gS] ftEesnkjh gS fd ge Hkw[kksa dks f[kyk,W dSfn;ksa dks eqDr djsa]
VwVs fnyksa dks tksM+s] [kks;s gq, fnyksa dks [kkstsa] jk’V~z dk iqu%fuek.kZ
djsaA Mj ls T;knk izse txk,W A lRrk ls T;knk lsok fnyk,W uQjr NksM+dj] nwfj;kW
gVkdj ekuo dks ,drk]izse vkSj lsok dh vVwV lw= esa ckW/kus dk vFkd ifjJe djsa]
rHkh izHkq bZlk elhg gekjs )kjk fQj ls tUe ysus yxsaxsaAgeesa vkSj ,d nwljsa
esaA
bZlk
elhg gtkjksa ckj xyhyh esa tUe ys ldrs gSa ysfdu lcdqN O;FkZ gksxkA tc rd os
vkiesa vkSj geesa tUe ysrsA lquuss okys lHkh Jksrkvksa dksa izHkq bZlk elhg
vk”kh’k ns paxkbZ nsA vius izse vkSj vuqdaik ls Hkj ns A Mjks er& vki bZ”oj
dh larku gSaA vki tgkW Hkh gksa tSls gksa bZ”oj vkidksa I;kj djrsa gSaA vki
lHkh dks [kzhLr t;arh eqckjd gksA esjh nqvk gS fd izHkq bZlk elhg uwru o’kZ esa
pysa] vxqokbZ djsa vkSj vkidks vius I;kj ls Hkj nsaA
MkW Qknj
Msfol tkWtZ
izkpk;Z]
lar
vykW;fl;l egkfo|ky;]
tcyiqj
izd`fr bZ”oj dh lcls cM+h nsu gS] lwjt]pk¡n
]flrkjs] i`Foh] ouLifr] ia{kh tkuoj] ok;q] ty lc dqN feydj izd`fr] gekjs fy;s
thou dk lzksr gSA oSKkfudksa us dgk gS& ^^;fn lwjt i`Foh ls FkksM+k lk Hkh nwj gks tk;s rks ge lc BaM
ds dkj.k ej tk;saxs vkSj FkksM+k Hkh i`Foh ds ikl vk tk;s rks xehZ ds dkj.k
l`f’V dk fouk”k gks tk;sxk vkSj i`Foh mtM+ tk;sxhA** bZ”oj us izd`fr dks ,slk
cuk;k gS f dog vius vkarfjd larqyu ,oa leUo; ds dkj.k ge lcdksa thfor j[krh gSA
balku us izxfr ,oa fodkl ds uke ij izd`fr dks viuk nkl ekudj mldk nksgu djuk
“kq: dj fn;k gS] ftldk urhtk izkd`frd izdksi] dHkh lqukeh] dHkh lw[kk] dHkh
ck<+ rks dHkh HkwdEi gSA vQzhdk esa dbZ yksx Hkw[k vkSj I;kl ds dkj.k ej jgs
gSA tcfd ik”pkR; ns”kksa esa vR;f/kd vkgkj djus ls balku chekj gks jgs gSA
egkRek xk¡/kh us dgk& ^^ bl nqfu;k esa lcdh t:jr ds fy;s i;kZIr ek=k esa lc
dqN gS] ysfdu lcdh ykyp ds fy;s ughaA ^^ balku dks viuh ykyp] yksHk vkSj “kks’k.k dh vknrksa dks NksM+uk
gksxkA balku dks ekywe gksuk pkfg;s fd og izd`fr ij fuHkZj gSA igys euq’;
lksprk Fkk fd og izd`fr dk Lokeh gS]
fdUrq vkt euq’; dks irk pyk f dog izd`fr
dk ekfyd ugha] oju~ izd`fr dk iwjd ,oa izd`fr ij fuHkZj ,d O;fDr gSaA
fodflr ns”kksa esa Ik;kZoj.k ds fouk”k dk
lcls izeq[k dkj.k gS bu ns”kksa esa gksus okyh vuko”;d vkiwfrZ A miHkksDrkokn
dk f”kdkj cuk balku ;g lkspdj cSBk gS fd tehu vkSj vkleku esa tks Hkh gS og
mudk gS vkSj ftruk pkgs gM+Ik ldrk gSA blfy, dqN yksx Hkh T;knk viuk ysrs gSA
blhfy;s ftudks ftruh t:jr gS og ugha fey ikrh gSA vesfjdk tSls dbZ ns”kksa esa
,d cPps ds fy;s tks [kpZ fd;k tkrk gS mlesa vfodflr ns”kksa esa dbZ cPpksa dh
ns[kHkky dh tk ldrh gS t:jr ls T;knk vius fy;s izd`fr ls ysuk ?kksj vU;k; vkSj
vijk/k gSA tks dqN izd`fr esa gS og lcds fy;s gS] ysfdu ftuds ikl rkdr vkSj
iSlk gS og izd`fr dk “kks’k.k djrs gS blfy;s izd`fr es fod`fr vuqHko djrs gSA
i`Foh vkSj euq’; ds chp iqu% leUo; LFkkfir djuk gksxkA ckbZfcy ds vuqlkj
^^vU;k; lHkkh ds fouk”k dk dkj.k gSA** euq’;l ds )kjk /kjk lRink ds nq:Ik;ksx
dks jksdus ds fy;s vkSj izkd`frd larqyu dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ckbZfcy esa fy[kk
gS ^^ rqe Ng o’kZ rd vius [ksr tksr dj vkSj Ng o’kZ rd nk[kckfj;ka
NkaV&NkaV dj ns”k dh Qly cVksjksKA ijUrq lkroka o’kZ ns”k Hkj ds fy, egkfoJke&o’kZ
gksxk&izHkq ds vknj esa ,d foJke&o’kZA bl o’kZ vius [ksr ugha tksrks
vkSj viuh nk[kyrk,a ugha NkaVksaA dVs gq, [ksr esa tks dqN vius vki mx tk,]
mls ugha dkVks vkSj vuNaVh nk[kyrkvgksa
ds vaxwj ugha rksM+ksA ns”k Hkj ds fy, ;g o’kZ foJke & o’kZ gksxk tks
foJke&o’kZ esa vius vki mdaxk] ogh rqEgkjs] rqEgfkjs nklksaa] rqEgkjh
nkfl;ksa] rqEgkjs etnwjksa vkSj rqEgkjs chp jgus okys izokfl;ksa ds Hkkstu ds
fy, i;kZIr gksxkA rqEgkjs i”kq vkSj rqEgkjs ns”k ds cukSysw tkuoj ogha [kk,axs]
tks Hkwfe esa vius vki mxrk gSA esjs vkns”kksa vkSj fof/k;ksa dk ikyu djksaA
,slk djus ij rqe ns”k esa lqjf{kr fuokl djrs jgksxsA Hkwfe vPNh Qly mRiUu
djsxh] rqe dks Hkjiwj Hkkstu feysxk vkSj rqe ns”k esa lqjf{kr fuok”k djksxsA
;fn rqe iwNksa fd lkrosa o’kZ] tc ge u rks cht cks;saxs vkSj u Qly dkVsaxs] rks
ge D;k [kk,saxs] rks tku yks fd NBs o’kZ esjs vk”khokZn ls Qly rhu o’kZ ds fy,
Ik;kZIr gksxhA tc rqe vkBosa o’kZ cksvksxs] ml le; fiNyh Qly [kkrs jgksxs vkSj
ukSos o’kZ dh u;h Qly vkus rd rqe fiNyh Qly [kkrs jgksxsaA rqe Hkwfe LFk;h :I
ls ugha cspksxsa] D;ksafd Hkwfe esjh gSA rqe ml esas ijns”kh vkSj vfrfFk ek=
gksA** ¼fyoh& 25½ ikWi tksu& f)rh; ds vuqlkj ^^czEgk.M esa ,d vknjh.kh;
O;oLFkk gS euq’; Lor% l{ke gS pquko djus ds fy;s A vr% euq’; dks bl o;oLFkk dks
lqjf{kr j[kus dk mRrjnkf;Ro ysuk gksxk A ;g euq’; dk mRrjnkf;Ro gS f dog izd`fr
dks lqjE;] dY;k.kizn vkSj v{kq’.k cuk, rkfd Hkkoh ih<+h izd`fr dks ns[kdj
mldh je.kh;rk vkSj mins;rk dk thoar vuqHko izkIr dj lds rFkk bZ”oj ds izfr mldh
bl vuqie d`fr ds fy;s d`rK gks ldsA
dgk x;k
gS fd thou esa lc dqN vfLFkj gSA ;g ifjorZu dHkh gekjs thouksa esa ifjfLFkr;ksa
ds dkj.k vkrk gS rks dHkh vU; dkj.kksa ls Hkh gekjk thou] fopkj O;ogkj ifjorZu
gksrk jgrk gSA le; gekjs thouksa esa cnyko ykrk gS A esjs fe= Fks tks fd
;qokoLFkk esa cgqr [kwolwjr Fks] vPNh
dn&dkBh Fkh mudh] djhc rhl o’kkZs ds
yEcs vjls ds ckn tc muls eqykdkr gqbZ rks dkQh o`) ls utj vk,A muds nkWr fxjus
yxs Fks vkSj cky Hkh dkQh lQsn gks x;s FksA le; u nUgs ifjofrZr dj fn;k FkkA
laLd`fr dk izHkko Hkh thouksa esa ifjorZu ykrk gS A tc yksx ,d nsa”k ls nwljs
ns”k esa tkdj jgus yxrs gSa rks ml ns”k dh laLd`fr ds izHkko ls mudk pyuk]
mBuk] cSBuk mudk O;ogkj lc dqN cny tkrk gSA fookg ds dkj.k Hkh thou esa ifjorZu
vkrk gS] ifr&ifRu dks ,d nwljs ds vuq:i vius vki esa ifjorZu ykuk iM+rk gSA
bl ifjorZu ds ifj.kke dHkh vPNs gksrs gSa vkSj dHkh cqjsA ijUrq bu lkjs
ifjorZuksa ls T;knk izeq[k ifjorZu ;s”kq elhg ykrs gSaA
¼1-½
izHkq ;s”kq ifjfLFkr;ksa esa ifjorZu ykrs gSa% dkuk uxj esa fookg Fkk] izHkq
;h”kq viuh ekrk vkSj psyksa ds lkFk ogkWvkeaf=r Fksa vpkud nk[kjl [kRe gks x;kA
izHkq ;h”kq us ikuh dks eVdksa esa Hkjok fn;k vkSj og ikuh nk[kjl esa cny x;kA
,d ckj
izHkq ;s”kq psyksa ds lkFkk uko esa ;k=k dj jgs Fks] vpkud leq) esa rqQku vk
x;k] bZÅWph&ÅWph ygjsa mBus yxh] psys ?kcjk x;sA ;h”kq uko ds fiNys fgLls
esa lks jgs Fks A psyksa us mUgsa txk;k txk;kA ;h”kq us vkW/kh rwQku dks MkaVk
vkSj mQurk leqnz] gok ds FkisM+s “kkar gks x;s A ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu vk
x;kA
,d ckj
gtkjksa dh HkhM+ ;h”kq ds mins”k lqurs&lqurs ,d lqulku txg tk igqWph] tgkW
u dksbZ nqdku Fkh u dqN [kkus dk izca/k] yksx Hkw[ks gks x;s rks ;s”kq us ikWp
jksVh] nks eNyh ls bu gtkjksa yksxksa dks HkjisV Hkkstu fn;kA ifjfLFkfr;kW
ifjofrZr gks x;haA
¼2-½ izHkq ;s”kq thouksa esa Hkh ifjorZu ykrs
gSa%& ,d ckj ;h”kq ;kk=k dj jgs FksA lQj yEck Fkk] Fkdku ls pwj] Hkw[ks
& I;kls os ,d dq, ds ikl igWqpsA ,d fuEu tkfr dh L=h ogkW ikuh Hkjus vkbZ
gqbZ Fkh] ;g L=h vPNs pfj= dh ugha Fkh A og L=h ikWp ifr j[k pqdh Fkh vkSj ftlds
lkFk og jg jgh Fkh]og Hkh mldkk ifr ugha FkkA izHkq ;h”kq mlls feys] ckr dh
vkSj ml L=h ds thou esa ifjorZu vk x;kA og O;fHkpkfj.kh L=h ,d u;h efgyk cu
xbZ] mldk thou cny x;k] xkkWo esa tkdj nwljs yksxksa dks Hkh ;h”kq ds ikl ysdj
vkbZA
Uhdqnseql
,d /kuoku O;fDr Fkk] fo}ku Fkk] yksxksa dh n`f’V esa vknj ;ksX; Fkk exj mlds
thou esa deh FkhA izHkq ds ckjs esa lquk rks pqipki jkr esa muls feyus x;s A
izHkq us crk;k fd vuar thou esa izos”k djuk gh rks u;k tUe t:jh gSA uhdqnseql dk thou cny x;kA tc ;h”kq dks fxjQrkj fd;k
x;k rks ;gqfn;ksa dh egklHkk esa og ;h”kq ds i{k esa cksyk] tc ;h”kq dks ekjk
x;k]rc uhdqnseql us jkseh “kkldksa ls mudk “kjhj ekWxk vkSj ysdj dcz esa j[kkA
lar yqdl
v/;k; 19%1&10 esa fy[kk gS fd ,d fnu bZlk ;sjh[kks esa izos”k dj vkxs
c<+ jgs FksA tds;ql uked ,d izeq[k /kuh ukdsnkj ;g ns[kuk pkgrk Fkk fd bZlk
dSls gSA ijUrq og NksVs dn dk Fkk]blfy, og HkhM+ esa mUgsa ugh ns[k ldkA og
vkxs nkSM+ dj bZlk dks ns[kus ds fy, xwyj ds isM+ ij p<+ x;k] D;ksafd og mlh
jkLrs ls vkus okys FksA tc bZlk ml txg igqWps] rks mUgksaus vkW[ks Åij mBkdj
tds;ql ls dgk] ^^tdss;ql ! tYnh uhps vkvksa] D;ksafd vkt eq>s rqEgkjs ;gkW
Bgjuk gSA** mlus rqjUr mrj dj vkuUn ds lkFk vius ;gkW bZlk dk Lokxr fd;kA bl ij
lc yksx ;g dgrs gq, HkquHkqukrs jgs] os ,d ikih ds ;gkW Bgjus x;sA tds;ql us
n`<+rk ls izHkq ls dgk] ^^izHkq! nsf[k, eSa viuh vk/kh lEifRr xjhcksa dks
nwWxk vkSj eSus ftu yksxksa ds lkFk fdlh ckr esa csbZekuh dh gS] mUgsa mldk
pkSxquk ykSVk nwWxk A bZlk us ml ls dgk]^^vkt bl ?kj esa eqfDr dk vkxeu gqvk
gS] D;ksafd ;g Hkh bczkghe dk csVk gSA tks [kks x;k Fkk] ekuo iq= mlh dks
[kkstus vkSj cpkus vk;k gSA] D;ksafd ;g dn dk ,d lokFkhZ datwl O;fDr Fkk] eglwy
ysus dk dk;Z djrk FkkA ;h”kq ls HksaV gqbZ] tDdbZ ds lkFk mlus Hkkstu fd;k]
mlds lEidZ esa vkus ls tDdbZ dk thou ifjofrZr gks x;k D;ksafd ;h”kq thouksa esa
ifjorZu ykrk gSA
;h”kq u
dsoy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu ykrk gS] oju~ og thouksa dks Hkh ifjofrZr djrk
gSA vkt ;h”kq pkgrk gS fd og gekjs
thouksa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu yk;s] og gesaa ,d ubZ l`f’V cukuk pkgrk gS]
u;k n`f’Vdks.k nsuk pkgrk gSaA vkt ;g iz”u
gS] gekjs fy, fd D;k ge ;g ifjorZu vius thou esa ykus ds fy, rS;kj
gSaaA\
bZ”oj us lalkj dks bruk I;kj fd;k fd mlus mlds fy, vius
,dykSrs iq= dks vfiZr dj fn;k] ftlls tks mlesa fo”okl djrk gS mldk loZuk”k u
gks] cfYd vuUr thou izkIr djsaA ¼;ksgu 3%16½ vxj ge bu “kCnksa ij xkSj djs rks tkuuk
pkgsxs fd ijes”oj us ,slk D;ksa fd;kA ;g ekuo dY;k.k ds fy, ijes”oj dh ;kstuk
FkhA ekuo pkgsaxs fd ijes”oj us ,slk D;ksa fd;kA ;g ekuo dY;k.kk ds fy, ijes”oj
dh ;kstuk Fkh A ekuo xqukg djrs&djrs vius l`tugkj ls nwj gks x;kA ijUrq
ijes”oj ugha pkgrk Fkk fd mldk fouk”k gksA blfy, mlus ekuo ds dY;k.k ds fy,
vius iq= dks HkstkkA ;s Fkh vuqdEik vkSj izse ls ifjiw.kZ ekuo dY;k.k dh ;kstuk
tks flQZ “kCnksa eswa ugha ij ;FkkFkZ
esa FkhA ;g gSA ijes”oj dk vlhe izseA bZ”kk elhg ijes”oj vkSj ekuo ds ohp laca/k dks lgh djus vk;s vkSj mugksaus ekuo
dY;k.k ds fy, eqfDr dk )kj [kksy fn;kA izse gh dY;k.k dk jkLrk gSA D;ksafd
bZ”oj izse A izHkq dgrs gSa ^^,d nwljs ls izse djks] vius nq”euksa ls Hkh izse
djksA** ugh arks ge /keZ] izkUr Hkk’kk] tkfr ds uke ij ge foHkkftr gksrs
jgsaxsA dzwl ij bZ”kk us izkFkZuk dh & ^^ gs firk] bUgsa {kek dj D;ksafd ;s
ugha tkurs fd ;s D;k dj jgs gSaA** ,slk blfy, fd nq”euksa dk Hkh dY;k.k gksA
uQjr vkSj cnyk ysus ls dY;k.k ugha] fouk”k gksrk gSA blfy, izse vkSj {kek gh
ekuo dY;k.k dk lk/ku gSA
;g dguk fd gesa ekuo tkfr ls izse gS] cgqr
vklku gSA ij mldks n”kkZuk cgqr dfBuA vxj ge gj ,d ls izse djrs gSa rks gekjs
NksVs ls NksVs HkkbZ & cguksa dh lsok djsaxsA bl lUnHkZ esa bZlk elhg dgrs
gSa & ^^D;ksafd eSa Hkw[kk Fkk vkSj rqeus eq>sa f[kyk;k] eSa I;klk Fkk
vkSj rqeus eq>s fiyk;k] eSa ijns”kh Fkk vksj rqeus eq>s vius ;gkW Bgjk;k]
eSa uaxk Fkk vkSj rqeus eq>s iguk;k] eSa chekj Fkk vkSj rqe e>ls HksaV
djus vk;sA eSa cUnh Fkk vkSj rqe eq>ls feyus vk;sA** bl ij /kehZ dgsaxs &
^^izHkq] geus dc vkidks Hkw[kk ns[kk vkSj f[kyk;k] dc I;klk ns[kk vkSj fiyk;kA
geus dc vkidks ijns”kh ns[kk vkSj vius ;gkW Bgjk;k] dc uaxk ns[kk vkSj
iguk;k\** jktk mu yksxksa ls ;g mRrj
nsaxs & eSa rqe yksxksa ls ;g dgrk gWw] rqeus esjs bu Hkb;ksa esa ls fdlh
,d ds fy, pkgs og fdruk gh NksVk D;ksa u gks] tks dqN Hkh fd;k] og rqeus esjs
fy, gh fd;kA ¼eRrh 24%34&40½
bZlk dgrs gSa ^tks yksx bZ”oj&bZ”oj
iqdkjrs gSa] ij t:jh ugha fd os LoxZ /kke igqpsaxsA lPps vuq;k;h os gSa tks nhu
ghuksa dh lsok djrs gSaA D;ksafd ekuo iq= Hkh viuh lsok djkus ugha cfYd lsok
djus vkSj cgqrksa ds m}kj ds fy, vius izk.k nsus vk;k gSA ¼ekj- 10%45½ nwljs
“kCnksa esa ekuo dY;k.k lsok djkus esa ugha] lsok djus esa gSaA
ekuo dY;k.k gsrq cgqr lh ;kstuk,W ykxw
gksrh gSa] tSls yksxksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsuk] mudh t:jrsa iwjh djukA bZlk
elhg bu lc ls fHkUu gS D;ksafd mUgksaus LoxZ/kke NksM+dj i`Foh ij euq’; cudj
tUe fy;kA euq’; :i /kkj.k dj euq’;ksa ds chp jgs vksj ,uds lw[k%nq%[k esa lkFk
jgdj mudk dY;k.k fd;kA os ijes”oj iq=
FksaA pkgrs rks LoxZ ls gh ekuo dY;k.k dh ;kstuk cuk ldrs Fks ij os ekuo :i esa
tUeA ^^ os okLro esa bZ”oj Fks vkSj mudk
iwjk vf/kdkj Fkk fd og bZ”oj dh cjkcjh djsaA fQj Hkh mUgksaus nkl dk :Ik /kkj.k
dj rFkk euq’;ksa ds leku cu dj vius dks nhu&ghu cuk fy;kA vkSj mUgksaus
euq’; dk :Ik /kkj.k djus ds ckn ej.k rd] gkW] dzwl ij ej.k rd vkKkdkjh cudj
vius dks vkSj Hkh nhu&ghu cuk
fy;kA** ¼fQfYyfi- 2%6&8½ ekuo ds chp jgdj muds tSls gh nq[k nnZ lgsA lkFk
jg dj mUgksaus mu dksf<+;ksa dks paxk fd;k ftUgsa vNwr le>k tkrk FkkA ml
O;fHkpkjh efgyk dks iki ls NqVdkjk fn;k
ftls yksx iRFkjokg dj ekjuk pkgrs Fks] mls lEeku ls thus dk vf/kdkj fn;kA
mUgksaus va/kksa dks vaWk[ks nh] cslgkjksa dks lkURouk nhA ;gh gS ekuo dY;k.k
tc ge gkFk c<+kdj] Nwdj] VwVs g`n;ksa dks paxk djsa A
vkt gekjs chp esa “kkjhfjd :I ls yksx de
ihfM+r gsSa ij ekufld :Ik ls T;knkA gj balku fpUrk vkSj fdlh u fdlh d”ked”k esa
gSA ewy :i esa fpUrk gh lc chekfj;ksa dh tM+ gSA bZlk bu esa ls gj ,d dks Nwuk
pkgrs gSa vkSj paxk djuk pkgrs gSaA os dgrs gSa& ^^fpUrk er djksa] u vius thou fuokZg dh] fd
ge D;k [kk;sa vkSj u vius “kjhj dh fd ge
D;k igusaA D;k thou Hkkstu ls c<+dj ugha\ vkdk”k ds if{+k;ksa dks
ns[kksaA os u rks cksrs] u yqurs gSa vkSj u c[kkjksa esa tek djrs gSaA fQj Hkh
rqEgkjk LofxZd firk mUgsa f[kykrk gSA D;k rqe buls c<+dj ugha gks \** ¼eRrh-
6%24&26½ os dgrs gSa& gs cks>
ls ncs gq, yksxks] rqe lc ds lc esjs ikl vkvks eSa rqEgssa foJke nwaxkA ekuo
dY;k.k dk eryc ;g ugha fd dqN le; rd lkFk fn;k] dke fd;k fQj Hkwy x;sA ijUrq
bldk vFkZ gS cqjkbZ dh rg rd tkukAbZlk elhg lHkh cqjhbZ;ksa dh tM+
&iki rd igqapkuk pkgrs Fks] mls
feVkuk pkgrs Fks ftlls ekuo iki dh csfM+;ksa ls eqDr gks tk,A D;ksafd tSls lar
ikSy dgrs gSa & eSa og dke djrk gWw tks eSa ugha djuk pkgrk vkSj tks dke
djuk pkgrk gWw og ugha djrkA ,slk D;ksa & flQZ iki dh otg ls A blfy, bZlk
us gesa iki ls eqDr djus ds fy, dzwl ij viuk cfynku fn;kA og funksZ’k gksrs gq,
Hkh xqukgxkj cus vkSj dzwl ij ekSr lgh ftlls ge csnkx gks tk;saA blls cM+k izse
ugha fd dksbZ vius fe= ds fy, viuh tku ns nsA iq.; “kqdzokj ekuo dh eqfDr dk
fnu gSA dY;k.k dk jkLrk] D;ksafd tSls lar ikSy djrs gSa & eSa og dke djrk
gWaw tks eSa ugha djuk pkgrk vkSj tks dke
djuk pkgrk gwWa og ugha djrkA ,slk D;ksa&flQZ iki dh otg ls A blfy,
bZlk us gesa iki ls eqDr djus ds fy, dzwl ij viuk cfynku fn;kA og funkZs’k
gksrs gq, Hkh xqukgxkj cus vkSj dzwl ij ekSr lgh fills ge csnkx gks tk;saA blls
cM+k izse ugha fd dksbZ vius fe= ds fy, viuh tku ns nsA iq.; “kqdzokj ekuo dh
eqfDr dk fnu gSA dY;k.k dk jkLrk] dzwl dk jkLrk gSA ifo= ckbfcy esa fy[kk gS %
^^ ;gwnh peRdkj ekWaxrs gSa vkSj ;qukuh Kku pkgrs gSa] fdUrq ge dzwl ij
vkjksfir elhg dk izpkj djrs gSa A ;g ;gwfn;ksa ds fo”okl esa ck/kk gS vkSj xSj
;gwfn;ksa ds fy, ew[kZrk A fdUrq elhg pqus gq, yksxksa ds fy,] pkgs os ;gwnh
gksa ;k ;wukuh] bZ”oj dk lkeF;Z vkSj bZ”oj dh izKk gSA ¼ 1 dksfj- 1%22&24½
izHkq bZlk dgrs gSa& vius vkidks R;kx dj] dzwl mBkdj esjs ihNs pyksA xsgwWa
dk nkuk tc rd fxjdj ugha ejrk rc rd og Qy ugha ykrkA blfy, dY;k.k cfynku esa
gS] leiZ.k esa gSA tks cpkrk gS og [kks nsrk gS vkSj tks vius dks [kks nsrk gS
mls lc dqN izkIr gks tkrk gS A ¼;ksgu 12%24&25½
ge ekuo dY;k.k ds fy, dke djuk pkgrs gSa
rks gesa bZlk ds fn[kk;ss ekxZ ij pyuk gksxkA vkt Hkh cgqr lh dY;k.k ;kstuk;sa
curh gSa ij vdlj ns[kk tkrk gS fd ekuo dk dY;k.k de vkSj ykxw djus okyksa dk
dY;k.k T;knk gksrk gS A dY;k;.kk dh jkf”k ftl ds fy, vkrh gSa mudk de gh fey
ikrh gSA ij nwljs viuk dY;k.k vo”; dj ysrs gSa A Hkk’k.kckth ;k flQZ
cM+h&cM+h ckrsa djus ls fdlh dk dY;k.k ugha gksrkA dY;k.k rc gksxk tc
dY;k.k djus okys vius vki dks nhu&ghu cuk dj ihfM+r] nqf[kr vkSj fpfUrr
ekuo ds chp jgsaA tc rd bZlk ds tSls vius vki dks nhu&ghu cukdj cfy ds :Ik
esa nwljksa ds fy, ugha p<+k nsa rc rd fdlh dk lgh dY;k.k ugha gks ldrkA
dY;k.k dk jkLrk cfynku] lsok] fouezrk dk jkLrk] paxkbZ dk jkLrk gSA dY;k.k izse
es gS uQjr esa ugha] lsok djus esa gS djkuss esa ugha] fcuezrk esa gS cM+Iiu
esa ugha] nwljksa dks thus dh vk”kk nsus esa gS] gkSlyk c<+kus esa gS
fujk”kk c<+kus esa ughaA vius dks Hkwydj ihfM+r ekuo ds chp esa muds nq[k
nnZ esa “kkfey gksus dk jkLrk gSA gekjk ukjk ^xjhch gVkvksa* ls c<+dj ^xjhch
viukvksa gksuk pkfg,A xkWa/khth ds vuqlkj& bUlku dh vko”;drkvksa ds fy,
i;kZIr lk/ku gSa ijUrq mldh vlhfer vkdka{kkvksa ds fy, ughaA tc ekuo viuh
vlhfer vkdka{kkvksa dks dkcw esa yk;sxk rHkh ykyp] “kks’k.k vkSj Hkz’Vkpkj tSls
nkuo lekIr djus esa l{ke gksxkA rc dY;k.k dh ;kstuk ek= ugha jg dj nSfud thou
dks lkFkZd cuk;sxhA nwljksa ds dY;k.k esa gh gekjk [kqn dk dY;k.k gSA
FkkWel
vyck ,Mhlu dksbZ vkehZ dk tujy ugha Fkk vkSj u gh dksbZ jk"Vª ;k turk dks
vius dCts esa j[kk vkSj u gh fujadq’k 'kklu fd;k
fQj Hkh nqfu;k Hkj esa mudk izHkko] ;ksxnku vkSj dchfy;r ls cgqr de yksx
eqdkcyk dj ik;saxs A foKku ds {ks= esa tks ;ksxnku vkius fn;k og loksZRre vkSj
loksZifj gS A
1847] Qjojh 11 rkjh[k
dks vkius ,d lk/kkj.k ifjokj esa tUe fy;kA vkidh flQZ 3 eghuk
Ldwy esa i<+kbZ gqbZA mudh ekW us mudks fy[kus i<+us vkSj xf.kr fl[kk;k]
Ldwy esa i<+rs oDr v/;kidx.k muds
dchfy;r dks ns[k ugha ik;sA tc 12 lky ds Fks rc FkkWel tks VkWe
dgykrs Fks us v[kckj] Qy] lCth] LoYikgkj cspuk 'kq: fd;kA
14 lky dh
mez esa csgjk gks x;k A 15 osa lky esa Vsyhxzke vkijsVj cuk
x;k vkSj tYnh gh vkWVksesfVd fjihVj ls Vsyhxzke falaxuy dks ,d txg ls nwljs txg
Hkstus dk vkfo"dkj fd;k rc ls mUgksaus cgqr lkjh oSKkfud phtksa dk
vfo"dkj fd;k A fQygky 1093 isVsUV
muds uke ij ntZ gS] tks ,d fo’o fjdkMZ gS A cYc dk vfo"dkj djrs le; os
djhc 3 gtkj ckj vlQy jgs vkSj muls iwNk x;k& ^^D;k vki fujk’k ugha gksrs rc
vki ckj lQy ugha gksrs** FkkWel ,Mhlu ls tokc fn;k&^^fcYdqy ugha] D;ksafd
eSaus 3 gtkj rjhdk lh[kk gS] ftuds dkj.k ;s cYc ugha
ty ik;sa** A
vczkge fyadu dh dgkuh bl izdkj gS 21 osa lky
esa dM+h esgur ds ckn ,d cgqr cM+k O;olk; ‘’kq: fd;k vkSj mlh lky og fnokfy;k
gks x;k A 22 osa lky esa og pquko esa [kM+k gqvk vkSj mls gkj
dk lkeuk djuk iM+kAfQj mlus viuk gkSlyk c<+k;k vkSj ,d nwljk O;olk; ‘’kq:
fd;k] ysfdu fdLer mlds i{k esa ugha Fkha vkSj lkjh dksf’k’k djus ds ckotwn Hkh
og fQj vlQy jgkA 26 osa lky esa [krjukd chekjh ds
dkj.k og viuh fiz;re dks [kks cSBkA vkSj 27 osa lky
esa viuk ekufld larqyu [kks cSaBkA /khjs&/khjs vius vki dks laHkkyk vkSj iqu%
34osa lky esa pquko yM+kA nqHkkZX;iw.kZ og
pquko Hkh gkj x;kA 45 lky esa
fQj pquko yM+k vkSj gkj gks x;hA bruh gkj ds ckn Hkh og vklkuh ls gkj ekuus
okyk O;fDr ugha FkkA mlus dHkh gkj ugha ekuk vkSj fQj 49 osa lky esa og lsusV ds pquko esa [kM+k gks
x;k] mlesa Hkh og gkj x;kA bu lc vlQyrkvksa ds ckn] 52 lky esa og vesfjdk dk jk"Vªifr pqu fy;k
x;kA bruh cM+h thr] thou ds lka?k"kZe; vkSj pqukSrhiw.kZ ;k=k ds cknA muds
fy;s ijkt; thou dk var ugha Fkk vkSj tgkW dksbZ jkLrk ugha Fkk ogkW ij mUgksaus
jkLrk [kkst fudkyk A
nwljs
fo”o ;q+) ds nkSjku fczVsu ds iz/kkuea=h lj
foUlVu pfpZy us ogkW dh turk dks yydkjk
Fkk&rqe eq>s viuk [kwu] viuh esgur] viuk ilhuk vkSj vius vkWlw ns
nks vkSj eSa rqEgsa fot; fnykÅWxkA blh izdkj dk vkgoku vktkn fgUn QkSt ds usrk
lqHk’kpUnz cksl us Hkh Hkkjrh;ksa ls fd;k& ^^rqe eq>s [kwu nks vkSj eSa
rqEgsa vktknh nWwxkA** ,sls cMs+&cM+s egku usrk gq, gSa ftUgksaus yksxksa
ls [kwu ekaxk vkSj mudks vktknh vkSj fot; fnyk;h A izHkq bZlk elhg us ekuo tkfr
dks iki vkSj e`R;q ds ca/kuksa ls NqVdkjk vkSj eqfDr fnykus ds fy, gels [kwu
ugha ekaxk ij viuk [kwu cgkdj gesa eqfDr nhA ckbZfcy esa fy[kk gSa A bZ”oj us
lalkj dks bruk I;kj fd;k fd mlus mlds fy;s vius bdykSrs iq= dks vfiZr dj fn;k] ftlls tks ml esa
fo”okl djrk gS] mldk loZuk”k u gks] cfYd vuUr thou izkIr djsaA bZ”oj us vius
iq= dks lalkj esa blfy, ugha Hksatk fd og lalkj dks nks’kh Bgjk;sA mlus mls
blfy, Hkstk fd lalkj muds }kjk eqfDr izkIr djsA bl I;kj ds dkj.k gh bZ”oj LoxZ/kke
NksM+dj euq’; cuk vkSj ej.k rd vius vkidks vkKkdkjh cuk;kA og oklro esa bZ”oj
Fks vkSj mudks iwjk vf/kdkj Fkk fd og bZ”oj dh cjkcjh djsa] fQj Hkh mUgksaus
nkl dk :i /kkj.k dj rFkk euq’;ksa ds leku cudj vius dks nhu&ghu cuk fy;kA
n;k vkSj vuqdEik] HkykbZ vkSj paxkbZ fn[kkus ds ckctwn mudks izk.kn.M dk vkns”k fn;k x;k] dksMs+
yxk;s x;s] dkWVks dk eqdqV iguk;k x;k vkSj FkIiM+ ekjs x,A muds ygWw&yqgku
da/ks ij Hkkjh dzwl j[kdj vke jkLrs ls ?kqek;k x;k vkSj var esa dzwl ij Bksad
fn;k x;kA dzwl ij] ,d v/kehZ vkSj fonzksgh ds leku dqdfeZ;ksa ds chp ejus fn;k
x;kA
blk;kg uch us izHkq bZlk elhg ds tUe ds
vkB lkS lky igys vkus okys eqfDrnkrk ds izk.k ihM+k ds ckjs esa Li’V :I ls
Hkfo’;ok.kh dh Fkh ^^ ;|fi mlus dksbZ vU;k; ugha fd;k Fkk vkSj mlds eWqg ls
dHkh Ny&diV dh ckr ugha fudyh Fkh] fQj Hkh mldh dcz fo/kfeZ;ksa ds chp
cuk;h x;h vkSj o /kfu;ksa ds lkFk nQuk;k x;k gSA izHkq us pkgk fd og nq%[k ls
jkSank tk;s A mlus izk;f”pRr ds :iesa viuk thou vfiZe fd;k] blfy, mldk oa”k
cgqr fnuksa rd cuk jgsxkA vkSj mlds }kjk izHkq dh bPNk iwjh gksxhA mls nq%[kHkksx ds dkj.k
T;ksfr vkSj iw.kZ Kku izkIr gksxkA mlus nq%[k lgdj ftu yksxksa dks v/keZ vius
Åij fy;k Fkk] og mUgsa muds ikiksa ls eqDr djsxkA blfy, eSa mldk Hkkx egku~
yksxksa ds chp ckWVwxkW vkSj og “kfDr”kkyh jktkvksa ds lkFk ywV dk eky ckWVsxk]
D;ksfd mlus cgqrksa ds vijk/k vius Åij ysrs gq, vkSj ikfi;ksa ds fy, izkFkZuk
djrs gq, vius dks cfy p<+k fn;k vkSj mldh fxurh dqdfeZ;ksa esa gqbZA**
ge fuLlgk; gh Fksa] tc elhg fu/kkZfjr le;
ij fo/kfeZ;ksa ds fy, ej x;s /kkfeZd euq’; ds fy, “kk;n gh dksbZ vius izk.k
vfiZr djsA fQj Hkh gks ldrk gS fd Hkys euq’; ds fy, dksbZ ejus dks rS;kj gks
tk;s] fdUrq ge ikih gh Fks] tc elhg gekjs fy, ej x;s FksA blls bZ”oj us gekjs
izfr vius izse dk izek.k fn;k gS A tc ge elhg ds jDr ds dkj.k /kkfeZd ekus x;s]
fuf”pr gh elhg gesa thoUr bZ”oj dh lsok ds ;ksX; cuk;sxkA bZlk us viuk iwjk ygw
ekuo tkfr ds m)kj ds fy;s cgk;k vkSj gekjk m)kj fd;k] iki vkSj e`R;q ds
ca/kuksa ls NqVdkjk fnyk;kA ckbZfcy esa fy[kk gS fd elhg dk cfynku var%dj.k dks
ikiksa ls “kq) djus ds fy;s vkSj thoUr bZ”oj dh lsok djus ds fy;s l{ke gSA viuk m)kj lksus&pkWanh tSls u”oj phtksa
dh dher ij ugha gqvk gS cfYd ,d funksZ’k
rFkk fu’dyad eseus vFkkZr~ elhg ds ewY;oku jDr dh dher ij oDr dh iqdkj gS vkSj lekt dh t:jr gS fd ge
nwljksa dks thou nsus ds fy, viuk jDr cgkuk lh[ksa vkSj ge ,d nwljksa dks I;kj
djsa tSls izHkq us gesa I;kj fd;k gSA bZlk dgrs gS& ^^blls c<+dj fdlh dk
izse ugha fd dksbZ vius fe=ksa ds fy;s vius izk.k vfiZr djsA**
MkW Qknj
Msfol tkWtZ
izkpk;Z
lsUV vykW;fl;l egkfo|ky;]tcyiqjA
izse n;kyq gksrk gS A tc ge ’kCnksa ds ek/;e ls izse laizsf’kr
djrs gSa rks gesa n;kyqrkiw.kZ ‘’kCnksa dk bLrseky djuk pkfg;sA ,d gh okD; ds
nks vyx&vyx eryc gksrs gSa tks ml okD; ds dgsa tkus ds vankt ij fuHkZj djrs
gSA *eSa rqels izse djrk gWw*s& vxj ;g okD; n;kyqrk vkSj dkseyrk ls dgk
tk;s rks ;g izse dh vlyh vfHkO;fDr gdyk;sxh A ij *eSa rqels izse djrk gWw\
oDrO; esa iz’u okpd fpUg iwjs okD; dk eryc cny nsrk gSa A dbZ ckj gekjs ‘’kCn
dqN dgrs gSaA vkSj mUgsa dgus dk gekjk vankt dqN vkSj gh dgrk gSaA ge nks rjQk
lans’k Hkst jgs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa gekjk thou lkFkh gekjs ‘’kCnksa ds ctk;
gekjs dgus ds vankt ds vk/kkj ij gekjs lans’k dk vFkZ yxkrk gSaaA
izse dh ifjHkk’kk
bl izdkj gS] eSa Hkys gh euq’;ks rFkak LrxZnwrksa dh lc Hk’kk,W cksyw fdUrq ;fn
eq> esa izse dk vHkko gS] rks eSa [kuk[kukrk ?kfM+;ky ;k >uk>ukrh
>ksa> ek= gwWA eq>s Hkys gh Hkfo";ok.kh dk ojnku feyk gks] eSa
lHkh jgL; tkurk gksÅW]eq>s leLr Kku izkIr gks x;k gks] esjk fo’okl bruk
ifjiw.kZ gks fd eSa igkM+ksa dks gVk ldwW] fdUrq ;fn eq> esa izse dk vHkko
gS rks eSa dqN Hkh ugha gWwa A eSa Hkys gh viuh lkjh lEifrr nku dj nw vkSj viuk
‘’kjhj HkLe gksus ds fy;s vfiZr d:] fdUrq ;fn eq> esa izse dk vHkko gS rks
blls eq>s dqN Hkh ykHk ughA izse lgu’khy vkSj n;kyq gS A izse u rks
bZ";k djrk gS u Mhax ekjrk] u ?ke.M djrk gSA izse v’kksHkuh; O;ogkj ugha
djrkA og viuk LokFkZ ugha [kkstrkA izse u rks >qW>ykrk gS vkSj u cqjkbZ
dk ys[kk j[krk gS og nwljksa ds iki ls ugha] cfYd muds lnkpkj ls izlUu gksrk
gSA og lc dqN <Wkd nsrk gS lc dqN ij
fo’okl djrk gS] lc dqN dh vk’kk djrk vkSj lc dqN lg ysrk gSA Hkfo";ok.kh
tkrh jgsaxh] Hkk"kk,sa] ekSu gks tk;saxh vkSj Kku feV tk;sxk] fdUrq izse
dk dHkh vUr ugha gksxk] D;ksafd gekjk Kku rFkk gekjh Hkfo";okf.k;kW viw.kZ
gS vkSj tc iw.kZrk vk tk;sxh] rks tks viw.kZ gS og tkrk jgsxk A
izse vkxzg djrk
gSa] ekWx ughaA tc eSa vius thou lkFkh ls dksbZ ekWx djrk gWw rks eSa ikyd cu
tkrk gWw vkSj og ckyd A ;g ikyd rhu lky ds cPpsa dks crk jgk gS fd mls D;k djuk
pkfg;s A ;g t:jh gS D;ksafd rhu lky ds cPpsa esa nqfu;knkjh dh le> fodflr
ugha gksrh gS A ‘’kknh esa ge nksuksa cjkcj ds o;Ld lk>snkj gksrs gSA fuf’pr
:I ls ge lEiw.kZ ;k vkn’kZ ugha gksrs gS ij ge o;Ld gSa vkSj ge lk>snkj gS A
vxj gesa varjax laca/k djuk gS rks gesa ,d nwljs dh bPNkvksa dks tkuus dh t:jr
gSA vxj ge ,d nwljs dks izse djuk pkgrs gS rks gesa ;g tkuus dh t:jr gS fd
lkeus okyk O;fDr D;k pkgrk gS A
izse dk y{; lkeus
okys ls viuk ilanhnk dke djokuk ugha gSa] cfYd mldh HkykbZ ds fy;s dqN dke djuk
gS A ;g ,d rF; gS fd tc gesa rkjhQ feyrh gS rks ge T;knk vPNs dke djus ds fy;s izfjr gksrs gS A vkil
dh nwfj;kW ge gVk ns vkSj uQjr dks NksM+
ns] ,d & nwljs dks le>s vkSj
viukus dk iz;kl djsaA dgk x;k gS fd balku i`Foh ls pkWn ij cSBs balku ls ckr dj fdrk gS
ysfdu ,d gh Nr ds uhps viuksa ls ckr
ugha dj ikrk] Hkoukvksa dk vknku &iznku ugha dj ikrkA gekjk I;kj flQZ opu
vkSj ckr esa ugha cfYd deZ vkSj lPpkbZ esa gksa] nSfud thou dh ,d&nwljs ds
lkFk O;ogkj esa gks A lPpk izse flQZ ,d Hkkouk ugha cfYd ,d fu.kZ; gS &
thou Hkj lq[k vkSj nq[k esa] chekjh vkSj rUnq:Lrh esak] lQyrk vkSj vlQyrk esa
,oa ,d&nwljs dks I;kj vkSj vknj djus dk A
izse gj Hkk’kk esa lcls egRoiw.kZ “kCn gS vkSj lcls my>u Hkjk Hkh /kkfeZd
vkSj /keZfujis{k crk;k x;k gS fd izse balku dh ftUnxh esa dsUnzh; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gS A crk;k x;k gS fd *izse lrjaxh gS* vksSj *izse ls nqfu;k pyrh gS*A gtkjksa
iqLrdsa] xkus] if=dk;sa vksSj fQYesa blh “kCn ds pkjksa rjQ ?kwerh gSaA vufxur
nk”kZfud vkSj /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjkvksa esa izse dks pkgrs FksaA euksoSKkfudksa us
;g fu’d’kZ fudkyk gS fd balku gksus ds ukrs gekjh igyh HkkoukRed t:jr ;g gSa fd
gesa dksbZ I;kj djsA izse ds fy;s ge igkM+ ij p<+ ldrs gS Aleqnz ikj dj ldrs
gSa] jsfxLrku ikj dj ldrs gS vkSj vlaHko yxus okys d’Vksa dks lgu dj ldrs
gSasSA izse ds fcuk igkM+ ij p<+uks vlaHko
izrhr gksrk gS] leqnz ikj djuk Hk;kud yxrk gS] jsfxLrku vlguh; gk tkrk gS vkSj
d’V gekjs thou esa LFkk;h :i ls vk tkrs gSa A
dgk x;k gS fd gj
cPpss ds Hkhrj ,d yo VSad gksrk gS tks izse ls Hkjk gqvk gksus dk bartkj djrk
gS Atc cPpk okLro esa ;g eglwl djrk gS fd mls izse fd;k tk jgk gS rks mldk
lkekU; fodkl gksrk gS ij tc ;g yo VSad [kkyh gksrk gS rks og cqjk O;ogkj djus
yxrk gSA cPpksa dk T;knkrj cqjk O;ogkj [kkyh *yo VSad* dh bPNkvksa ds dkj.k
gksrk gSa A pWwfd mUgsa izse ugha fey jgk Fkk] blfy;s vius nqO;Zogkj ds }kjk os
ml izse dh fn”kkghu [kkst djus esa yxs jgrs gSsA os xyr LFkkuksa ij vkSj xyr
rjhdksa ls izse dh ryk”k djrs gSa A
izse dh
HkkoukRed t:jr flQZ cPpksa dks gh ugha gksrhA ;g t:jr o;Ldrk vkSj fookg esa Hkh
gekjs lkFk jgrh gS A **izse esa** jgus dk vuqHko rkRdkfyd :i ls bl t:jr dks
iwjk djrk gS ij ;g vifjgk;Z :i ls **fDod fqQDl** gS vkSj tSlk ge ckn esa ikrs
gSa bldh vof/k cgqr gh lhfer gksrh gS A tc ge **izse esa** jgus ds nhokusiu ls
mcjrs gSa vkSj gdhdr dh nqfu;k esa okil ykSVrs gSa rks izse dh HkkoukRed t:jr
fQj ls mHkj vkrh gS D;ksafd ;g gekjs LoHkko dh ewyHkwr t:jr gS A ;g t:jr gekjh
HkkoukRed bPNkvksa ds dsUnz esa gksrh gS A**izsse esa iM+us** ds igys Hkh gesa
izse pkfg;s Fkk vkSj tc rd ge ftank jgsaxs rc rd gesa bldh ges”kk t:jr jgsxh A
ij ;fn izse
egRoiw.kZ gS rks ;g bruk isphnk D;ksa g\ eSus cgqr ls fookfgr tksM+ksa dks bl
nnZ ls djkgrs lquk gS A dqN blfy;s vk;s Fks D;ksafd mUgsa ;g yxus yxk Fkk fd
muds ;k mudh iRuh ds O;ogkj ds dkj.k mudh “kknh VqV jgh FkhA dqN eq>s flQZ
;g crkus vk;s Fks f dos vc “kknh ls fiaM NqM+kuk pkgrs gSa A ** “kknh ds ckn lnSo lq[k ls jgus** ds muds
lius gdhdr dh dBksj nhokjksa ls Vdjkdj pwj&pwj gks x;s FksA ckj&ckj
eSaus bu “kCnksa dks lquk gS]**gekjk izse [kRe gks x;k gSa] gekjs laca/k lekIr
gks pqds gSaA** dHkh ge ,d nwljs ds djhc Fks ij vc og ckr ugha jghA vc gesa ,d
nwljs ds lkFk jguk drbZ vPNk ugha yxrkA ge ,d nqljs dh t:jr iwjh ugha dj ikrs
gSa A
D;k bu ;qxyksa
esa Hkh ,d vn`”; **HkkoukRed yo VSad** Fkk ftldh lqbZ **[kkyh** ij Fkh\ D;k
muds chp nqO;Zogkj] ruko] vyxko] dM+os “kCn vkSj vkykspuk blh [kkyh VSad ds
dkj.k Fks\ vxj ge bls Hkjus dk mik; [kkst ysa rks D;k fookg dks thounku fey
ldrk gS\ D;k yc VSad Hkjk gqvk j[kus ls bu ;qxyksa ds HkkoukRed thou esa ,slk
cnyko vk ldrk gS f dos vius erHksnksa ij fopkj& foe”kZ dj viuh ftanxh dks
,d ckj fQj ls lq[kn cukldsa\ ;gh VSad lq[kh fookg ds rkys dh dqath cu ldrk gS]
bls Hkjus ds ikWp L=ks= gS& ldkjkRed “kCn] izfrc} le; fcrkuk] migkj ysuk]
thou lkFkh dh lsok vkSj izse dks n”kkZus yk;d Li”kZA buds vHkko esa ge I;kj ds
fy;s Hkw[ksa& I;kls jgrs gSA bu ikWpksa dk vko”;drkuqlkj mi;ksx djus ls
gekjs lEcU/k esa LQwfrZ vkSj ?kfu’Vrk vk;saxhA
(Talk given in the National Conference held at St. Aloysius’ College, Jabalpur – November 2004.)
“When in despair I remember that all through history the way of truth and love has always won; there have been tyrants and murderers, and for a time they can seem invincible, but in the end they always fall.”
M.K. Gandhi
1. Dynamics of Terrorism
Four Days before the US presidential election, a new videotape of Osama
Bin Laden surfaced on Friday, 29th October 2004, with the AI-Qaeda
leader admitting responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks for the
first time, and threatening new strikes against America. As justification to
this deadly act of terrorism and violence, Osama Bin Laden said, “While I was
looking at the destroyed towers in Lebanon (in the 1982 Israeli-led invasion),
it came to my mind to punish the
oppressor the same way and destroy towers in the US.” Since the September 11,
2001 strikes on World Trade Centre in New York and subsequent tragic events in
India—attacks on Jammu and Kashmir Assembly, on Indian Parliament (13 December)
and growing trend to cross-border terrorism, the threat to international peace
and stability, of South Asia in particular has assumed a dangerous proportion. Thousands of innocent men, women and children were being
blown to bits in Iraq and Palestine and an estimated 50,000 children die every
year because of sanctions that are imposed – and it hasn't moved any of us to
compassion. To get rid of Sadam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden, many cities of
Iraq and Afghanistan have been bombed because they have harbored terrorists and
in the process we will help create a thousand other Bin Ladens. We
should reflect on the rise of global terrorism—its strategic, geopolitical,
socio-economic and ideological roots. This would bring into sharp focus how
global terrorism has developed into a pyramid with various layers. To demolish this
pyramid it is not enough to look at its hard surface of terrorist actions
including human bombs. The hard surface needs to be demolished. However, from
the long-term point of view socio-economic, political and ideological roots of
this have to be destroyed. This requires a determined political will.
Terrorism has no creed. It is a religion in itself as manifested once
again, in the Akshardham temple massacre. If terrorism had a gender, it should
have been surely be given the ‘Man of the Century’ award two years ago. In a
century of discoveries and development, this menace singularly threatened the
very existence of humankind. Thirty summers ago, in the Olympic village of
Munich, terror struck its first major blow, shocking the international community.
That was perhaps the first time the global community asked, why kill innocent
people? The only sin the athletes did was to be born Israelis. That question
has been asked over and over. Why kill innocent? We asked this, last year,
during the terror attack on America. And now after the shocking attack on
devotees in the Akshardham temple, we ask ourselves. What did those hapless
people do to deserve such a brutal and abrupt ending to their lives?
1.1 Terrorism: Definition and Explanation
Terrorism has been a worldwide phenomenon with international links
between terrorist organizations and groups.
They exchange weapons; they are engaged in joint operation planning;
they use each other’s training areas; and they provide each other with
administrative and logistic support.
International links between different countries can be well understood
by the fact that the terrorist group which carried out the massacre at Lord
Airport in Israel belonged to Japan, were trained in Korea, purchased arms from
Italy with money raised in West Germany and had the sympathy and support of
several Arab countries. The most
important development is that the international terror is aided, protected and
financed by a number of governments, who provide safe havens for terrorists and
false passports.
What is terrorism? Who are the
terrorists? Why do terrorists act? How do the victims and society react? What methods should be used in hostage
negotiations? What are the best government policies for responding to or
preventing terrorism? What constitutes
terrorism? This is unquestionably the
most controversial issue that divides individuals, groups, societies, nations
and ideologies. No two well known dictionaries agree on the term. Even big powers do not agree on the
definition of the term “terrorism”.
Walter Laqueur who invested his lifetime’s research effort in exploring
this phenomenon expressed how difficult it is to define it. Leonard B. Weinberg and Paul B. Davis have
pointed out that terrorism is a weapon of the weak employed against a powerful
opponent not intended to defeat but to conjure up an all-powerful and all
good-force to change the balance of power; and, an element of frustration, a
sense that their views, although correct to them, were not shared or
appreciated sufficiently by others whose caused the groups sought to
champion. According to Grant Wardlaw the
use of terror in itself does not constitute terrorism because terror may be
employed for criminal or personal ends.
In political terms, terrorism is the employment of terror as a weapon of
psychological warfare for political ends.
It includes its use as a deliberate method of guerrilla warfare to serve
military ends.
Political terrorism is a systematic use of murder and destruction and
the threat of murder and destruction, to terrorize individuals, groups,
communities or governments into conceding to the terrorists’ political
aims. It is important for terrorists
that people and governments accept their perspective by terror, if not by
reason.
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences defines “Terrorism” as a term used to
describe the method or the theory behind the method whereby an organized group
or party seeks to achieve its avowed aims chiefly through the systematic use of
violence. Terroristic acts are directed against persons who are individual agents
or representatives of authority interfering with the consummation of the
objectives of such a group.
Insurgency and terrorism are not the same; they are significantly
different from each other. The objective of insurgency is invariably political;
it is a revolt against authority.
Terrorism is merely a strategy to obtain certain objectives. When terror is used against the State or a
political authority to change the power structure or wrest political authority,
or to secede from a politico-territorial configuration, it is an act of
insurgency as well.
Sociologists have tried to explain the reasons behind terrorism. One
theory has it that terrorism is born out of denial of justice. We have several
films based on such theories that show the victim-turned-avenger. Although
several terrorist outfits justify their black deeds with this theory. It need
not necessarily be true always. Terrorism can be best defined as a movement led
by persons who have a destructive bend of mind, fuelled by hatred and, sometimes,
driven by lunatic idealism. Such persons
are usually very intelligent and have the capability of brain washing several
gullible innocents into being his servants to carry out his missions. They are
told of the lofty ideals that would be achieved and the greatness of sacrifice
of self for the greater benefit of several fellow beings. The leaders of these
outfits, it can be seen, seldom sacrifice their lives themselves and often end
up leading a luxurious and perverted life and building his own belief.
It is the calculated or premeditated use or threat of uses of larger
collectivity in such a manner that the target is rendered physically
defenseless against that attack or against the effects of the violence. What
makes this a form of political terrorism distinguishing it from say, criminal
terrorism (murder) is that the act is harnessed to some political intent or
purpose and carries a political meaning.
The defenselessness can be the result of (a) surprise outside of a
battle-or war-zone; (b) the nature of the target chosen, e g, its civilian
status; (c) the nature of weapons used; (d) enormous disproportion in the
violence exercised between the two sides even within a battle-or war-zone, i e,
a gross violation of the principle of minimal or reasonable force. The agents
of the terrorist act can be the individual, the combat group, or larger
entities like the state.
1.2 Patterns of Global Terrorism
Why does the terrorist commit his act?
Terrorism manifests itself in political, religious and socio-economic
inequalities and exploitation. It
thrives on grievances, real or imaginary when the State or the ruling oligarchy
fails to redress injustices, infringement of rights or oppression. Terrorism has been used by political,
religious, nationalistic and ethnic groups and by government themselves. Terrorism is a worldwide phenomenon and is a
chronic disease in a democracy.
Terrorism was adopted as virtually a State policy, though an
unacknowledged one, by such totalitarian regimes as those of Nazi Germany under
Adolph Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. The terror which overtook the Jews under
Nazi Germany and Stalin’s Russia was the worst example of State terror in the
history of modern world. The total count
of mass murders will never be known. In
these States, arrest, imprisonment, torture and execution were applied without
legal guidance or restraints to create a climate of fear and to encourage
adherence to the national ideology and the declared economic, social and
political goals of the State.
When Mao got into power in China on 1 October 1949 he made use of
terror on a bigger scale than Stalin.
Historians differ in the estimates but, perhaps, 5 million landlords
were killed. Their removal cleared the
way for a new order. Between 1950 and 1953 as many as 10 to 20 million people
were liquidated, perhaps, several times more than the numbers of Stalin’s
victims. Deng Xiao-Ping brought Mao’s
reign of terror to an end just as Khrushchev brought to an end Stalin’s reign
of terror. Deng ripped open the terror
of the Cultural Revolution.
Terrorism’s public impact has been greatly magnified by the use of
modern communications media. Any act of
violence is certain to attract television coverage, which brings the event
directly into millions of homes and exposes viewers to the terrorists’ demands,
grievances or political goals. Modern
terrorism differs from that of the past because its victims are frequently
innocent civilians who are picked at random or who merely are caught into
terrorist situations. Many groups of
terrorists of Europe hearken back to the anarchists of 19th century in their
isolation from the political mainstream and the unrealistic nature of their
goals. Lacking a base of popular
activities. Such acts include kidnappings, assassinations, hijackings, bombings
and aircraft hijackings.
2.
Terrorism and Gandhian response
Gandhi said that terrorism and
deception are weapons not of the strong, but of the weak, ( Mahatma: Vol. II,
P.20.) “I am as convinced as I have ever been that terrorism is the worst kind
of action that any reformer can take up”, Speeches and Writings of Mahatma
Gandhi: P.870. “Terrorism must be held to be wrong in every case. In other words, pure motive can never justify
impure or violent action,”- Young India: Dec.18, 1924.
“Terrorise yourself, search within, by all means resist tyranny
wherever you find it, by all means resist encroachment upon your liberty, but
not by shedding the blood of the tyrant” Speeches and Writings of Mahatma
Gandhi: P.311.
His message in all kinds of conflicts has always been that we need to
find peaceful solutions to the conflict. Unfortunately, we have over so many
generations always chosen to deal with conflicts violently and suppress them
and so they are temporary solutions. They just keep coming back again and again
because you can't suppress a conflict; you have to resolve it. And resolutions
are only through nonviolent means. He wasn't the first one to teach us this
lesson, there were many others. There was Christ Jesus, Buddha, Muhammad, all
of these leaders who talked about religion, who talked about uplifting our way
of living and standard of living. We have consistently either assassinated them
or discounted them, put them up on a pedestal, worshipped them but we don't want
to change our lifestyle. It's not that we can't do it, it's that we don't want
to do it. How can individuals in today's world apply the
principles of nonviolence to their daily lives?
I think first of all, we need to understand what we mean by nonviolence.
Generally today everybody thinks that non violence is non-use of physical
force, that as long as we are not going out and beating up people we are
nonviolent or as long as the nation is not at war with somebody, we are living
in peace. That's only a small fraction of the philosophy of nonviolence. The
actual philosophy of nonviolence is about many other things--all the different
forms of violence that we practice knowingly and unknowingly every day of our
lives, all the passive violence. Now we find so much violence consuming us at
every level that we look at the newspapers every morning and we see everybody
killing each other in all parts of the world. It makes it important that we
look at the situation and do something about it before it destroys us all
together. We can see now killing has become so much easier and we don't feel
the pangs of it. We are getting desensitized by the killing. That is dangerous.
When life doesn't mean anything and people can be killed and destroyed and
don't feel anything about it, then we are losing our own humanity.
Even without the war on
terrorism, we have other challenges with hunger, disease, and environmental
degradation. How does nonviolence help us address those issues? Nonviolence helps us to understand what all
of these things are. We have a lot of conflicts in various different
fields--economic, cultural, social, religious, political and all of that is
because we have adopted for ourselves a lifestyle that is based on self-interest
and selfishness. Gandhi often said, “There is enough in this world for mans
need; but not enough for mans greed.”
We are constantly trying to see what we can gain from everything and it
doesn't matter what the consequences of that would be. And when we are
motivated by such negative thoughts and greed and selfishness, then conflicts
arise from that. And we have to deal with those conflicts. Nonviolence teaches
us to shun the negativeness within us and become more positive. And positive
means that we have to build relationships that are based on positive
aspects--on respect, understanding, acceptance, appreciation and not on
negative relationships. Terrorism: what would Gandhi do?
No one loathed terrorism more than Mahatma Gandhi. The Mahatma, stood
to lose everything when that kind of violence marred the otherwise nonviolent
freedom struggle in Bengal during the 1930's. Yet to the then British rulers of
India he made this plea: "Today you have to fight the school of terrorists
which is there with your disciplined and organized terrorism, because you will
be blind to the facts or the writing on the wall. Will you not see the writing
that these terrorists are writing with their blood? Will you not see that we do
not want bread made of wheat, but we want bread of liberty; and without that
liberty there are thousands today who are sworn not to give themselves peace or
to give the country peace. I urge you then to read that writing on the wall.
Nobody throws away his life without some motive behind."
Force, however, is the one thing
they will not listen to. How is the person so consumed by hatred that he will
kill himself to make a point going to be frightened by the threat of
punishment? Criminals must be brought to justice, no doubt, and international
criminals should be brought to international justice, ideally in the
International Criminal Court but that has nothing to do with our security. Most
of our attention, as Gandhi indicates, should be on the conditions that have
brought terrorism into existence in the first place. To cite an experienced
U.S. diplomat who served under President Carter, "if we are to truly end
the threat of terrorism against us, we must also eliminate the reasons why so
many people support it." And those reasons will be found on two levels.
The first would be the policies that have directly or indirectly led to poverty
and the suppression of liberties in various parts of the Third World,
especially the Middle East - policies which would be repudiated by the great
majority of the American people if they were fully aware of them. Second would
be the extremely high levels of violence in the mass media, which cheapen life
and causes otherwise healthy people to scorn it. Let us remember that the two
boys who carried out the Columbine High School massacre tell us, in their
'suicide video,' that they really wanted to highjack a commercial plane and
plow it into New York, "killing as many people as [we] could"! In
other words, the culture of violence that we have unwittingly, gradually
created, mainly through the powerful mass media, have created a climate in
which life is cheap and its destruction a form of excitement which substitutes
for meaning. How can we expect others to respect the lives that we ourselves
seem so willing to throw away? "Terrorism cannot be condoned,"
someone wrote, "but it can be understood." Anyone who understands
terrorism - or any form of violence - can tell you that even if we have
"eliminated" Osama Bin Laden, ten more will rise up to replace him.
On the other hand, if we eliminate the real grievances against us, even people
who are drawn to his ghastly way of thinking will find themselves deprived of
support. It is the latter path alone that leads to real security.
To
quote Mahatma Gandhi: "An eye for an eye makes the whole world
blind." Also from Gandhi: "War will only be stopped when the
conscience of mankind becomes sufficiently elevated to recognize the undisputed
supremacy of the Law of Love in all walks of life."
2.1 Non-violence is not a Strategy but a Response
First, we must understand that nonviolence is not a strategy that
we can use in times of peace and discard in a moment of crisis. Nonviolence is
about personal attitudes, about becoming the change we wish to see in the
world. Because, a nation's collective attitude is based on the attitude of the
individual. Nonviolence is about building positive relationships with all human
beings – relationships that are based on love, compassion, respect,
understanding and appreciation. Nonviolence is also about not judging people as
we perceive them to be – that is, a murderer is not born a murderer; a
terrorist is not born a terrorist. People become murderers, robbers and
terrorists because of circumstances and experiences in life. Killing or
confining murders, robbers, terrorists, or the like is not going to rid this
world of them. For every one we kill or confine we create another hundred to
take their place. What we need to do is dispassionately analyze both the
circumstances that create such monsters and how we can help eliminate those
circumstances. Focusing our efforts on the monsters, rather than what creates
the monsters, will not solve the problems of violence. Justice should mean
reformation and not revenge.
2.2 How do we respond nonviolently to terrorism?
The consequences of a military response are quite evident. Never
ending violence, revenge, retaliation, hatred and loss of life and
property. For years to come innocent
people live in fear, anxiety and suspicion. Many thousands of innocent people
will die both here and in the country or countries we attack. Militancy will
increase exponentially and, ultimately, we will be faced with other more
pertinent moral questions: What will we gain by destroying half the world? We must acknowledge our role in helping to
create monsters in the world, find ways to contain these monsters without
hurting more innocent people, and then redefine our role in the world. I think
we must move from seeking to be respected for our military strength to being
respected for our moral strength.
The developed nations are in a position to play a powerful role in
helping the “other half” of the world attain a better standard of life not by
throwing a few crumbs but by significantly involving ourselves in constructive
economic programs. Glaring unequal distribution of wealth, resulting in utter
poverty and social inequality has been instrumental in dividing the world into
North and South, first and third world, developed and underdeveloped. Their
foreign policies should be based on what is good for the world and how can we
do the right thing to help the world become more developed and peaceful.
Poverty and underdevelopment in any part of the world will
affect the entire world order.
2.3
The Power of Non-Violence
Non-Violence
in its dynamic condition means conscious suffering. It does not mean meek
submission to the will of the evildoer, but it means the pitting of one’s whole
soul against the will of the tyrant. Working under this law of our being, it is
possible for a single individual to defy the whole might of an unjust empire to
save his honour, his religion, his soul and lay the foundation for that
empire’s fall or its regeneration.
The
non-violence of my conception is more active and more real fighting against
wickedness than retaliation whose very nature is to increase wickedness. I
contemplate a mental and, therefore, a moral opposition to immoralities. I seek entirely to blunt the edge of the
tyrant’s sword, not by putting up against it a sharper-edged weapon, but by
disappointing his expectation that I would be offering physical resistance. The
resistance of the soul that I should offer instead would elude him. It would at
first dazzle him, and at last compel recognition from him, which recognition
would not humiliate him but would uplift him. It may be urged that his again is
an ideal state. And so it is. The propositions from which I have drawn my
arguments are as true as Euclid’s definitions, which are nonetheless true
because in practice we are unable to even draw Euclid’s line on a blackboard.
But even a geometrician finds it impossible to get on without bearing in mind
Euclid’s definitions. Nor may we…. Dispense with the fundamental propositions
on which the doctrine of Satyagraha is based.
I
admit that the strong will rob the weak and that it is sin to be weak. But this
is said of the soul in man, not of the body. If it be said of the body, we
could never be free from the sin of weakness. But the strength of soul can defy
a whole world in arms against it. This strength is open to the weakest in body.
Non-
violence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than
the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man.
Destruction is not the law of the humans. Man lives freely by his readiness to
die, if need be, at the hands of his brother, never by killing him. Every
murder or other injury, no matters for what cause, committed or inflicted on
another is a crime against humanity. Non-violence is like radium is its action. An infinitesimal quantity of is
embedded in a malignant growth acts continuously, silently and ceaselessly till
it has transformed the whole mass of the diseased tissue into a healthy one.
Similarly, even a little of true non-violence acts in a silent, subtle, unseen
way and leavens the whole society.
2.4
Matchless Bravery
An
armed soldier relies on his weapons for his strength Take away from him his
weapons- his gun of his sword, and he generally becomes helpless. But a person
who has truly realized the principle of non-violence has the God given strength
for his weapon and the world has not known anything that can match it. A small body of determined spirits fired by an unquenchable faith in their
mission could alter the course of history. Non-violence of the strong is any day stronger than that of the bravest soldier
fully armed or a whole host. My experience teaches me that doing violence can never propagate truth. Those
who believe in the justice of their cause have need to possess boundless
patience and those alone are fit to offer civil disobedience who are above
committing criminal disobedience or doing violence. I object to violence because, when it appears to do well, the good is only
temporary; the evil it does is permanent.
It
is an unshakable faith with me that a cause suffers exactly to the extent that
it is supported by violence. I say this in spite of appearances to the
contrary. If I kill a man who obstructs me, I may experience a sense of false
security. But the security will be short-lived. For I shall not have dealt with
the root cause. In due course, other men will surely rise to obstruct me. My business, therefore, is not to kill the
man of men who obstruct me, but to discover the cause that impels them to
obstruct me, and deal with it. I do not believe in armed risings. They are a remedy worse than the disease
sought to be cured. They are a token of the spirit of revenge and impatience
and anger. The method of violence cannot do good in the long run.
2.5
The Way of Ahimsa
Ahimsa
is one of the world’s great principles, which no power on earth can wipe out.
Thousands like myself may die in trying to vindicate the ideal, but Ahimsa will
never die. And the gospel of Ahimsa can be spread only through believers dying
for the cause. Ahimsa is the highest ideal. It is meant for the brave, never for the cowardly,
to benefit by others’ killing, and delude oneself into the belief that one is
being very religious and non-violent is sheer self-deception. No power on earth can subjugate you when you
are armed with the sword of Ahimsa. It ennobles both the victor and the
vanquished. The proper way to view the present outburst
of violence throughout the world is to recognize that the technique of
unconquerable non-violence of the strong has not been at all fully discovered
as yet. Not an ounce of non-violent strength is ever wasted.
There
come to us moments in life when about some things we need no proof from
without. A little voice within us tells us, ‘ You are on the right track, move
neither to your left nor right, but keep to the straight and narrow way. There are moments in your life when you must act, even though you cannot carry
your best friends with you. The ‘still
small voice’ within you must always be the final arbiter when there is a
conflict of duty. Having made a ceaseless effort to attain self-purification, I have developed
some little capacity to hear correctly and clearly the ‘still small voice
within’. I shall lose my usefulness the moment I stifle the still small voice within.
For
me the voice of God, of Conscience, of Truth, or the Inner Voice or ‘the Still
Small Voice’ mean one and the same thing.
I saw no form. I have never tried, for I have always believed God to be without
form. But what I did hear was like a Voice from afar and yet quite near. It was
as unmistakable as some human voice definitely speaking to me, and
irresistible. I was not dreaming at the time I heard the Voice. The hearing of
the Voice was preceded by a terrific struggle within me. Suddenly the voice
came upon me. I listened, made certain it was the Voice, and the struggle
ceased, I was calm. The determination was made accordingly; the date and the
hour of the fast were fixed….
3. Mahatma Gandhi's Nonviolent
Revolution: It’s relevance
But recently the question of Gandhian relevance is being posed anew,
yet not directly or explicitly, by a series of political movements that have
emerged under quite diverse conditions, that suggest a major turn toward
nonviolent forms of struggle by those advocating transformative change. This
turn seems complex and contradictory, and it may not be sustained. Aside from
its adherence to nonviolent practice, its general political line is essentially
tactical, seeking to turn weakness into strength by engaging the enemy in a
manner that minimizes the advantages of the militarily stronger side and
maximizes its vulnerability to moral/spiritual challenges. Its relevance has
been most evident in the struggles of civic movements of resistance against
various forms of oppressive rule that rely on arbitrary and brutal violence and
on its control over the mechanisms of violence.
Proceeding on the basis of a Gandhian ethos of nonviolence, how is the recent experience to be evaluated? There are two broad possibilities, with many variations in between. The first view would take an optimistic line, regarding these occasions of tactical reliance on nonviolent approaches to be exhibiting a trend away from a blind assumption about the efficacy of violence. Gandhi was himself a realist who viewed his own life as a series of explorations relating to truth-bearing (ahimsa) and courage, as well as an appreciation that where choices are so difficult that reliance on a degree of violence can be understood, and even affirmed. Gandhi's lifelong connection with the Bhagavadgita, and its complex view of war and duty, suggests the degree to which Gandhi understood the difficulty of taking a pure stand on violence, despite his own evolution in that direction. Gandhi's own approach stressed active engagement on behalf of justice, scorning passivity as being often a greater evil than violence.
I think that part of the distinctiveness of the Gandhian phenomenon
lies in its embrace of an unconditional reliance on nonviolence to challenge,
dismantle, and transform an entire structure of power and authority, and to do
so on an uncompromising basis of mass mobilization on the part of unarmed
people, many of whom were trained to endure severe violence without striking
back. Indeed, in this respect, Gandhi’s core achievement in India has never
been duplicated elsewhere.
"Gandhi continues what the Buddha began. In the Buddha the spirit
of love set itself the task of creating different spiritual conditions in the
world; in Gandhi it undertakes to transform all worldly conditions."said,
Albert Schweitzer. In Gandhi’s own words, "Nonviolence is the law of our
species as violence is the law of the brute. The spirit lies dormant in the
brute, and he knows no law but that of physical might. The dignity of man
requires obedience to a higher law - to the strength of the spirit." How true what Gandhi said, "If man will
only realize that it is unmanly to obey laws that are unjust, no man's tyranny
will enslave him."
Science of war leads one to dictatorship pure and simple. Science of nonviolence can alone lead one to pure democracy." - Mahatma Gandhi
Science of war leads one to dictatorship pure and simple. Science of nonviolence can alone lead one to pure democracy." - Mahatma Gandhi
4. Conclusion: You be the Change
One of Gandhiji's most famous
sayings is, "We must be the change we wish to see." In what context
did he say that and what does it really mean? He mentioned this because people kept saying
to him that the world has to change for us to change. He said, "No, the
world will not change if we don't change." So we have to make the
beginning ourselves. It has always been our human nature to blame someone else
for everything that is happening. It's never us. We are never at fault. And he
tried to make us realize that we are just as much in the fault as anybody else.
Unless we change ourselves and help people around us change, nobody will change
because then everybody will be waiting for the other person to change.
Although the memory of Gandhi is revered everywhere, the life and ways
of Gandhi have not been treated as influential in relation to subsequent
patterns of political practice, either within states or at a global level.
Instead, there has been a widespread belief that what Gandhi achieved was
unique to his time, place, and person. In this sense, the persisting importance
of Gandhi, outside of the efforts of academic programs devoted to peace studies
and scattered activists and visionaries, has been historical in two senses: as
preoccupied with the extraordinary role played by Gandhi in liberating India
from the British Empire without reliance on guns and violence; and as a method
for dealing with a specific set of events in the past that became almost a
closed book as far as political life is concerned as soon as Gandhi himself
passed from the scene.
Gandhian pacificism is admired in the abstract today, but in practice
it is widely dismissed not only as too idealistic, but even as morally
irresponsible. Gandhian pacificism is misunderstood as refusal to resist evil
or oppose violence, when, in fact, it spawned some of the most powerful acts of
resistance of the 20th century. Indeed, Gandhian nonviolence proved to be an
unstoppable force that led to political transformations around the globe, from
the United States (Martin Luther King Jr.), to Ireland (John Hume), to the
Philippines (Corazon Aquino), to the Soviet Union (Lech Walesa). The movement
that recognized Gandhi as a founding hero was the greatest moral event of the
century and, equally, one of the most politically effective. Attenborough
captured the force of the literally revolutionary principle of nonviolent
resistance that Gandhi pioneered and championed, which would later inspire such
figures as Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela. Faced with indomitable, oppressive British
imperial presence, Gandhi’s fellow countrymen have no viable military response
except terrorism. But Gandhi argues, with devastating logic that has only
become more inescapable over time, that terrorism not only further justifies
oppressive measures, even if it succeeds it liberates a country only to
terrorize it in turn. It’s a message that disgruntled societies and individuals
today ignore at their own peril.
Gandhi’s practice is predicated on the belief that moral authority, not
superior force, ultimately prevails in the court of public opinion. Literally
turn the other cheek, and if your attacker himself isn’t overcome with shame
eventually the conscience of others will become your ally. All that is required
is the courage and humility to be a true victim for your cause.
It seems naive — but it conquered the British Empire. First in South
Africa, where in one harrowing scene we see Indian protesters, attacked by
mounted police, actually lie down on the ground in front of the horses, out of
range of the policemen’s batons, relying on the horses’ aversion to treading on
people to avoid being trampled. Then in India, where Gandhi’s celebrity and
penchant for punitive fasting when displeased gives him the clout to unite
Hindus and Muslims behind his principle of nonviolent resistance. And finally
throughout the world, where other colonial peoples were inspired by Gandhi’s
success to seek their own independence, ultimately replacing the British Empire
of yesterday with the Commonwealth of today.
"The ultimate weakness of violence is
that it is a descending spiral, begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy.
Instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it. Through violence you may murder
the liar, but you cannot murder the lie, nor establish the truth. Through
violence you murder the hater, but you do not murder hate. In fact, violence
merely increases hate.
Returning violence for violence multiplies violence, adding deeper
darkness to a night already devoid of stars. Darkness cannot drive out
darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love can do
that." — Martin Luther King, Jr.
"Things undreamt of are daily being seen, the impossible is ever becoming
possible. We are constantly being astonished these days at the amazing
discoveries in the field of violence. But I maintain that far more undreamt of
and seemingly impossible discoveries will be made in the field of
nonviolence." —M.K. Gandhi "Nonviolence is the constant awareness of
the dignity and humanity of oneself and others; it seeks truth and justice; it
renounces violence both in method and in attitude; it is courageous acceptance
of active love and goodwill as the instrument with which to overcome evil and
transform both oneself and others. It is the willingness to undergo suffering
rather than inflict it. It excludes retaliation and flight." —Wally Nelson
"Forces that threaten to negate life must be challenged by courage, which
is the power of life to affirm itself in spite of life's ambiguities. This
requires the exercise of a creative will that enables us to hew out a stone of
hope from a mountain of despair." —Martin Luther King, Jr.
Books and References
1 V.D. Chopra “Global Challenge of
Terrorism” Gyan Pub., 2002, xvi, 324 p., ISBN 81-212-0805-X.
3 YI, 8-10-1925,
p. 346 (Young India: (1919-1932)
4 YI, 6-5-1925,
p. 146 (Young India: (1919-1932)
5 H, 20-7-1935,
pp. 180-1 (Harijan: (1933-1956)
6 H, 12-11-1938,
p. 327 (Harijan: (1933-1956)
7 H, 19-11-1938,
pp. 341-2 (Harijan: (1933-1956)
8 ibid, p. 343
(Harijan: (1933-1956)
9 H, 12-5-1946,
p. 128 (Harijan: (1933-1956)
10 YI, 28-4-1920,
p. 8 (Young India: (1919-1932)
11 YI, 26-2-1931, p. 1 (Young India: (1919-1932)
12 YI, 9-6-1920, p. 3 (Young India: (1919-1932)
13 H, 17-5-1946, p. 140 (Harijan: (1933-1956)
14 H, 9-6-1946, p. 172 (Harijan: (1933-1956)
15 ibid, p. 174 (Harijan: (1933-1956)
16 H, 11-1-1948, p. 504 (Harijan: (1933-1956)
17 L, 25-12-1916 The Leader: Daily newspaper published
from Allahabad.
18 YI, 4-8-1920, p. 3 (Young India: (1919-1932)
19 EF, p. 34 The Epic Fast: Pyarelal; Mohanlal Maganlal
Bhatt; Ahmedabad, 1932.
20 YI, 3-12-1925, p. 422 (Young India: (1919-1932)
21 H, 8-7-1933, p.4
(Harijan: (1933-1956)
22 Martha Crenshaw. “The Causes
of Terrorism” as reprinted in Edward Moxom-Browne, ed. European Terrorism. New York: G.K. Hall & Co., 1994.
23 Christopher Hewitt. The Effectiveness of Anti-Terrorism Policies.
Lanham, MD: University Press, 1984.
24 Goldie
Shabad and Francisco José Llera Ramo. “ Political Violence in a Democratic
State: Basque Terrorism in Spain,” in Martha Crenshaw, ed. Terrorism in Context. University
Park, PA.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995.
25 Joshua Cooper Ramo. “In Hot
Pursuit.” Time. October 8,
2001.
26 Davis George “Dynamics of Power: The Gandhian
Perspective”, Frank Bros. & Co. Ltd. 2000 238p., ISBN 81-7170-503-0.
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